Petabits-per-second Packet Switch Employing Cyclically Interconnected Switch Units

ABSTRACT

A packet switching system of an access capacity scalable to multiple petabits per second is disclosed. A multiplicity of switch units, each of a relatively small dimension, is organized into orthogonal sets of switch units and the switch units of each set are cyclically interconnected through a respective dual rotator. Each switch unit has a contention-free switching mechanism and is coupled to a same number of dual rotators. Each switch unit has a switch-unit controller configured to route data received from external data sources to external data sinks coupled to any other switch unit by communicating with at most one switch-unit controller of an intermediate switch unit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/548,192 filed on Jul. 12, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/610,505, filed on Dec. 14, 2006 which claims priority to Canadian application 2,528,636, which was filed on Dec. 16, 2005, the application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/071,576 filed on Nov. 4, 2013, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to switching nodes in telecommunication networks and, in particular, to electronic router-switch that scale to high capacities.

BACKGROUND

A multi-hop network suffers from the adverse effect of cumulative degradation as a path from source to destination traverses numerous router-switches. The mean number of hops decreases sharply as the dimension of the deployed router switches is increased. The decrement in the number of hops, coupled with the changing economics of signal transport can lead to a much simplified, powerful, and highly efficient telecommunication network.

A switching-routing apparatus is typically implemented as a multi-stage switching system and its complexity, performance, and cost are influenced by the number of switching processes within the apparatus. It is desirable to explore alternative structures of switching-routing devices which permit scalability while providing operational simplicity, high performance, overall efficiency, and ease of expansion.

There is a need for a flexible router-switch, which scales gracefully from a capacity of multiple gigabits per second (for example 160×10⁹ bits/second) to a capacity of the order of multiple petabits per second. Deployment of such a router-switch enables the construction of a global broadband network of virtually unlimited capacity while significantly reducing the number of hops between any two access points on the planet to an acceptable upper bound. The sought router-switch preferably accommodates individual connections of widely varying granularities, ranging from a few kilobits per second to multiple gigabits per second per user in order to form the basis of an economical broadband network of global coverage.

SUMMARY

The invention provides a router-switch scalable from a capacity of a few gigabits per second to a capacity of multiple petabits per second.

SUMMARY

A packet switching system having an access capacity scalable to multiple petabits per second comprises a number of switch units and a number of dual rotators. Each switch unit may be of a relatively small dimension. The switch units are organized into orthogonal sets of switch units and the switch units of each set are cyclically interconnected through a respective dual rotator. Preferably, each switch unit is based on a contention-free switching mechanism to simplify control. Each switch unit has a switch-unit controller. A switch-unit controller coupled to a switch unit is configured to route data received from external data sources to external data sinks coupled to any other switch unit by communicating with at most one switch-unit controller of an intermediate switch unit.

In accordance with an aspect, the present invention provides a switching system comprising a plurality of switch units and a plurality of dual rotators. Each dual rotator is coupled to a respective set of m switch units of a plurality of switch units, m>1. Each switch unit is coupled to a same number Λ of rotators, Λ>1 and the connectivity pattern is devised so that a set of switch units coupled to any dual rotator is orthogonal to a set of switch units coupled to any other dual rotator.

Each dual rotator comprises an ascending rotator having m dual ports and a descending rotator having m dual ports. Each switch unit may receive data from external data sources and transmit data to external data sinks.

A switch unit of a first type is based on cyclically accessing a common memory. A switch unit of a second type is based on cyclically accessing an array of transit-memory devices forming a rotating-access switching mechanism. A mix of the two types may coexist in the switching system. A switch-unit controller of a switch unit of either type may store identifiers of a set of routes to each other switch unit.

A rotating-access switching mechanism comprises L input ports, L transit memory devices, and L input ports, where L≧2×Λ+1. The rotating-access switching mechanism is configured to cyclically transfer individual data segments of data blocks from the L input ports to the L transit memory devices and cyclically transfer the individual data segments of data blocks from the L transit memory devices to the L output ports. Data blocks are formed at the input ports of a switch unit where each data block comprises L data segments which are sequentially transferred to the L transit memory devices. If a data block contains less than L data segments, the data block may be null-padded.

Each switch unit has a number L of input ports and L output ports, L≧(2×Λ+1), and each input port is configured to: receive data segments; sort the data segments into L input queues, each input queue corresponding to a respective output port; and form data blocks for switching to respective output ports. Each output port of a switch unit disassembles data blocks into constituent data segments and sorts the data segments into m output queues. Each output queue holds data destined to one of m switch units.

A switch-unit controller of a switch unit using a common memory is configured to receive a request to transfer a current data block from an input port to an output port; determine a WRITE address of the shared memory device for storing the data block; and determine a READ address of the shared memory device for reading a waiting data block directed to a specific output port.

A switch-unit controller of a switch unit using a rotating-access switching mechanism is configured to receive a request to transfer a current data block from an input port to an output port and determine a common WRITE address of the L transit memory devices for storing the data block. The switch-unit controller also determines a common READ address of the L transit memory devices for retrieving a waiting data block directed to a specific output port.

The switching system comprises L port controllers, each port controller coupled to a respective input port and a respective output port. The L port controllers are coupled to the switch-unit controller through a temporal multiplexer and a temporal demultiplexer.

Indexing the switch units sequentially between 0 and (m²−1), and indexing the dual rotators sequentially between 0 and ((m×Λ)−1), and arranging the dual rotators into three dual-rotator groups (Λ=3), the connectivity pattern is selected so that a switch unit of index S, 0≦S<m², connects to Λ dual rotator of indices: └S/m┘, (m+S_(modulo m)), and (2×m+(S−└S/m┘)_(modulo m)).

Equivalently, a dual rotator of index R connects to m switch units of indices:

(m×R+j),0≦j<m, for 0≦R<m,

(m×j+R _(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for m≦R<(2×m), and

(m×j+(j+R)_(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for 2×m≦R<3×m.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Example embodiments of this invention are described below with reference to accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional contention-free common-memory switch comprising input ports and output ports sharing a common memory;

FIG. 2 illustrates a contention-free common-memory switch similar to the switch of FIG. 1 with the input and output ports paired so that each input port is integrated with an output port with which it shares memory and control;

FIG. 3 illustrates a representation of prior-art ascending and descending rotators for use with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a contention-free rotating-access switch module having separate input and output switch units, and an aggregation switch unit, cyclically connected to a bank of transit memory devices according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a contention-free rotating-access switch module having both separate and integrated input-output switch units, and using an aggregation switch unit, for use in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates two concise representations of the contention-free rotating-access switch module of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 illustrates a contention-free rotating-access switch module of the configuration illustrated in FIG. 5 but using a higher-capacity aggregation switch unit;

FIG. 8 illustrates a contention-free circulating switch, interfacing with outer channels connecting to external nodes, and comprising switch units directly interconnected through a dual rotator, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a shared-memory switch module having input and output ports with rotating access to a plurality of transit memory devices, for use with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates data organization of the shared memory device of the shared-memory switch module of FIG. 9 providing both contention-free switching of data-blocks and contention-based switching of finer data segments in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary switch module comprising an array of switch units connecting to a rotator pair and providing both contention-free and contention-based switching in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a switch unit in the switch module of FIG. 11, the switch unit having a temporal multiplexer, a memory device, and a temporal demultiplexer;

FIG. 13 further details the exemplary switch module of FIG. 11 using the switch unit of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 illustrates data organization in the switch units of the switch module of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 illustrates a conventional three-stage switch;

FIG. 16 illustrates a three-stage switch using high-capacity contention-free switch modules each employing consolidation memory devices at input to enable high scalability according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 illustrates a logical organization of consolidation memory devices in the switch of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 illustrates a switch having mesh-structure of switch modules operating in a dual contention-free and contention based modes according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 illustrates logical queues at an ingress port and an inner port of the switch of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 illustrates an occupancy-tracking matrix for use by a controller in setting up connections in the switch of FIG. 18.

FIG. 21 illustrates a switch module comprising a rotating-access shared memory, a plurality of nonblocking input switch units, and a plurality of output units each including a demultiplexer and a memory device in according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22 illustrates a switch module comprising a rotating-access shared memory, a plurality of nonblocking input switch units, and a plurality of output units each including a demultiplexer in according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 illustrates a full mesh structure of contention-free switch modules with an internal expansion, each switch module comprising a specified number of switch units, each switch unit having a memory device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 illustrates the mesh structure of FIG. 23 with a different inner connectivity of the memory devices;

FIG. 25 illustrates an alternate representation of the switch of FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 illustrates a variation of the switch of FIG. 25, where the internal expansion is exploited to connect a larger number of switch modules according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 27 illustrates a switch according to the present invention comprising two groups of inner memory devices, a plurality of switch units arranged according to two sets of combinations, and multiplexer-demultiplexer units each connecting a combination of switch units to a respective inner memory device;

FIG. 28 illustrates a switch according to the present invention comprising three groups of inner memory devices, a plurality of switch units arranged according to three sets of combinations, and multiplexer-demultiplexer units each connecting a combination of switch units to a respective inner memory device where each combination in any of the three sets of combinations intersects each combination of the other two sets;

FIG. 29 illustrates the connectivity of diagonal combinations of switch units to an inner-memory group in the switch of FIG. 28;

FIG. 30 illustrates a switch according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units arranged into three sets of combinations with each connecting to an inner memory device;

FIG. 31 illustrates an arrangement of the inner-memory devices into three inner-memory groups in the switch of FIG. 30;

FIG. 32 illustrates combinations of the switch units in the switch of FIG. 30 indicating the association of each switch unit with three inner memory devices;

FIG. 33 illustrates an intersection of three combinations of outer memory devices in the switch of FIG. 30 having the inner and outer memory arrangements of FIGS. 31 and 32;

FIG. 34 illustrates the inner memory devices corresponding to the three combinations of FIG. 33;

FIG. 35 illustrates the connectivity of a fourth group of diagonal combinations in the switch of FIG. 30 to an added group of inner memory devices according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 36 illustrates a format of data formed at the outer switch units in the switches of

FIGS. 27 and 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 37 illustrates a combination control system associated with each combination of outer memory devices in the switches of FIGS. 27 and 30, the control system including a combination controller coupled to outer controllers, each outer controller associated with an outer memory device according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 38 illustrates a control system of the switch of FIG. 27 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 39 illustrates a control system of the switch of FIG. 28 or the switch of FIG. 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 40 illustrates the format of a capacity-allocation control signal in the control system of FIGS. 38 and 39 and the format of a forwarding signal in the switches of FIGS. 27, 28 and 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 41 illustrates an outer switch module in the switch of FIG. 28 or the switch of FIG. 30 comprising an outer memory device, an outer controller, input interfaces, and output interfaces;

FIG. 42 illustrates a table used at a combination controller for capacity-allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 43 illustrates logical organization of an outer memory device in the switch of FIG. 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 44 illustrates a switch according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units and two groups of rotating-access memory devices connecting to combinations of switch units;

FIG. 45 illustrates a switch according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units organized into intersecting combinations where the switch units of each combination are interconnected by a dual rotator to form a temporal mesh;

FIG. 46 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit in the contention-free circulating switch of FIG. 8, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 47 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit in the switch of FIG. 27 and the connectivity of a switch unit in the switch of FIG. 28 or the switch of FIG. 30, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 48 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit in the switch of FIG. 44 and the connectivity of a switch unit in the switch of FIG. 30;

FIG. 49 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit in the switch of FIG. 45 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 50 illustrates a network using passive multiplexers/demultiplexers to connect access equipment directly to flow-rate-controlled scalable router-switches according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 51 illustrates access devices connecting to a router-switch in the network of FIG. 50 through temporal multiplexers-demultiplexers and spectral multiplexers-demultiplexers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 52 illustrates access devices connecting to a temporal multiplexer and a temporal demultiplexer in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 53 illustrates interfaces of a downstream WDM link and an upstream WDM link with ingress ports and egress ports of a router-switch in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 54 illustrates a set of switch units constituting the switching components of a large-scale switching system;

FIG. 55 illustrates an exemplary set of switch units;

FIG. 56 illustrates connectivity of a switch unit to a dual rotator comprising an ascending rotator and a descending rotator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 57 illustrates a set of dual rotators interconnecting the switch units FIG. 55, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 58 illustrates connection of a switch unit to multiple dual rotators, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 59 illustrates paths from a first switch unit to a second switch where the two switch units connect to a same dual rotator of a first group of dual rotators;

FIG. 60 illustrates paths from the first switch unit to a third switch where the two switch units connect to a same dual rotator of a second group of dual rotators;

FIG. 61 illustrates paths from the first switch unit to a fourth switch where the two switch units connect to a same dual rotator of a third group of dual rotators;

FIG. 62 illustrates paths from the first switch unit to a fifth switch unit where the two switch unit are not connected to a common dual rotator;

FIG. 63 illustrates connectivity of a switching mechanism of a switch unit to dual rotator and to external data sources and sinks, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 64 illustrates organization of an input buffer provided at each input port of the switching mechanism of FIG. 63, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 65 illustrates organization of an output buffer provided at each output port of the switching mechanism of FIG. 63, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 66 illustrates a first implementation of a switch unit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 67 illustrates an implementation of a switching mechanism, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 68 illustrates timing of transfer of data blocks to transit memory devices of the switching mechanism of FIG. 67, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 69 illustrates exemplary placement of data blocks in memory segments of transit memory devices of the switching mechanism of FIG. 67, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 70 illustrates distribution of WRITE addresses of data blocks in transit memory devices, and READ addresses of data blocks from the transit memory devices, of the switching mechanism of FIG. 67, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 71 illustrates a preferred implementation of a switch unit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

TERMINOLOGY

Switching system: A switching system has a number of input ports, a number of output ports, and a switching mechanism (often called a “switch fabric”) connecting any input port to any output port. A switching system may comprise multiple building blocks called “switch units” or “switch modules”. Router-switch: A device for directing data from any input port of a plurality input ports to any output port of a plurality of output ports. The input data may include packets of arbitrary lengths and, to facilitate switching, the data may be segmented into data segments of equal size and switched internally as such. The switched data segments are re-assembled at the output ports to reproduce the packets in the forms in which they were received. For brevity, a router-switch may be referenced as a switch.

A switch may receive data in a variety of forms such as data arranged in time-slotted frames or packets of arbitrary sizes. Data received in time-slotted frames, where the data belonging to a session or connection is allocated at least one time slot per frame, is stored at input for time alignment. Data packets, perhaps belonging to multiple users, received at a specific input and destined to a designated output may be allocated a flow rate which is dynamically adjusted based on some criterion, such as the occupancy of a corresponding input buffer. Packets of arbitrary sizes may be segmented at input into segments of uniform sizes and switched as such within the switch fabric. At output, the packets may be reconstructed from segments.

Dual port: In a device having multiple input ports and multiple output ports, each input port may be associated with a respective output port to form a “dual port”. Switch unit: The basic building block of a router-switch is a switch unit which may be a device performing a temporal-switching function, or a space-switch element having a number, usually a small number, of dual ports. A dual port includes an input port and an output port. Switch-unit controller: A switch-unit controller is a device having at least one processor and at least one memory device storing processor-executable instructions. Each switch-unit is coupled to a respective switch-unit controller. A switch-unit controller may be embedded in the structure of a respective switch unit or configured as a separate entity communicatively coupled to the respective switch unit. Switch module: A number of switch units may be combined in different way to produce a switch module having a module controller. A router-switch of moderate capacity may simply comprise a single switch module. A router-switch of high capacity may combine several switch modules. Switch dimension/switch-module dimension: The dimension of a switch (or a switch module) is the number of dual ports of the switch (or switch module). Switch capacity/switch-module capacity: The maximum throughput (bits per second) of a switch (or a switch module) determines the capacity of the switch (or switch module). Non-blocking switch module: A non-blocking switch module having a number of input ports and a number of output ports guarantees the availability of a free path, during a time interval, from any input port to any output port, provided that the input and output ports are both unoccupied during the time interval. A switch-module, or an entire router-switch comprising several switch modules, can be made non-blocking in several ways, such as providing internal capacity expansion. A non-blocking switch module, or a non-blocking router-switch, may still require a vacancy-matching process to resolve potential contention and find the guaranteed path. Contention-free switching: A switch unit having multiple input ports and multiple output ports which establishes a path from an input port to an output port (where both the input port and the output port have a sufficient vacancy) without the need to resolve contention is said to provide contention-free switching. A contention-free switch unit is typically of a moderate dimension. Spatial mesh: A number of switch modules may be interconnected by communication links to form a spatial mesh. A communication link may include only one channel. A path from one switch module to another in a spatial mesh may traverse an intermediate switch module. Temporal mesh: A number of switch units may be interconnected through a dual rotator to provide a time-limited path from each switch unit to each other switch unit. In one implementation, each switch unit connects to each other switch unit during a designated time slot in each time frame having a number of time slots at least equal to the number of switch units. Spectral multiplexer/demultiplexer: A spectral multiplexer combines multiple signals each occupying a frequency band (wavelength band) onto one medium. A spectral demultiplexer separates multiple signals each occupying a frequency band (wavelength band) in a common medium into individual signals. A spectral multiplexer/demultiplexer may also be referenced as a channel multiplexer/demultiplexer or a wavelength-channel multiplexer/demultiplexer Temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer: A temporal multiplexer time-interleaves multiple signals each repetitively occupying at least one time-slot in a time-slotted frame. A temporal demultiplexer separates time-interleaved signals, each repetitively occupying at least one time-slot in a time-slotted frame, into individual signals. Shared-memory switch: A switch in which multiple input ports have time-multiplexed access to a single memory is called a shared-memory switch. A shared-memory switch as defined herein is naturally contention-free. Rotator: A rotator is a simple device having multiple inlets and multiple outlets. The rotator cyclically connects each inlet to each outlet in a predefined order during every rotation cycle. The rotator itself is not a switching device because it lacks the steering capability; a switching device should have at least one degree of freedom. A rotator scales to a very high dimension, i.e., a large number of inlets and a large number of outlets. Ascending rotator: A rotator having a plurality of inlets and a plurality of sequentially indexed outlets, where each inlet cyclically accesses the outlets in an ascending index order, is called an ascending rotator. An ascending rotator having N inlets, indexed as 0 to (N−1), and N outlets indexed as 0 to (N−1), connects an inlet of index j to an outlet of index {j+t}_(modulo N) during time slot t of a repetitive time frame organized into N time slots, 0≦j<N, 0≦t<N. Descending rotator: A rotator having a plurality of inlets and a plurality of sequentially indexed outlets, where each inlet cyclically accesses the outlets in a descending index order, is called a descending rotator. A descending rotator having N inlets, indexed as 0 to (N−1), and N outlets indexed as 0 to (N−1), connects an inlet of index j to an outlet of index {j−t}_(modulo N) during time slot t of a repetitive time frame organized into N time slots, 0≦j<N, 0≦t<N. Dual rotator: An ascending rotator and a descending rotator form a dual rotator. Transit block: A transit block comprises an input rotator constitutes a latent space switch. Outer and inner channels: An outer channel of a switch module connects to data sources and sinks or external nodes. An inner channel connects to other switch modules to form a switch of large dimension. Rotating access: A process where an outer channel cyclically accesses several switch elements at input or output is referenced as a rotating-access process. Circulating access: A process where several switch elements cyclically access each other is referenced as a circulating-access process. Unfolded multi-stage switch: An unfolded multi-stage switch comprises switch modules arranged into a number of cascaded arrays, so that a path from input to output traverses a switch module in each array. Folded multi-stage switch: When each switch module in an array of switch modules is combined with a corresponding switch module in another array of switch modules of a multi-stage switch, the resulting switch is referenced as a folded multi-stage switch. Route or path: The terms “route” and “path” are used synonymously Orthogonal sets: Any two sets of switch units are said to be orthogonal if the two sets have a number of common switch units not exceeding a predefined upper bound. Modulo operation: The operation “X modulo W”, herein denoted X_(modulo W), or |X|_(W), where X is any integer, which may be a positive integer or a negative integer, and W is a positive integer is a remainder determined as: X_(modulo W)=X−W×└X/W┘, where └R┘ is the nearest integer that is less than R or equal to R if R is an integer. For example: └7/8┘=0, └−7/8┘=−1, └8/8┘=1, └−8/8┘=−1, └9/8┘=1, └−9/8┘=−2.

-   -   Thus, 7_(modulo 8)=7, (−7)_(modulo 8)={−7−(−1)×8}=1,         8_(modulo 8)=0, (−8)_(modulo 8)=0, 9_(modulo 8)=1, and         (−9)_(modulo 8)=7.

A reference numeral may refer to items of a same type individually or collectively. A reference numeral may further be indexed to distinguish individual items of a same type.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   -   100: Prior-art contention-free shared-memory switch module     -   108: Input channel     -   109: Output channel     -   116: Input port of contention-free switch-module 100     -   118: Output port of contention-free switch-module 100     -   124: Cyclic connector of inner ports 116 to shared memory 140     -   126: Cyclic connector of shared memory 140 to output ports 118     -   140: Shared memory     -   200: Contention-free shared-memory switch with integrated         input-output units     -   208: Input Channel     -   209: Output channel     -   220: Dual input-output port     -   224: Cyclic connector of dual inner ports 220 to shared memory         140.     -   226: Cyclic connector of shared memory 140 to dual ports 220.     -   300: Rotator arrangements (300A-300F)     -   321: Ascending-rotator input channel     -   322: Ascending-rotator output channel     -   323: Descending-rotator output channel     -   324: Descending-rotator input channel     -   332: Ascending-rotator dual input-output channel     -   334: Descending-rotator dual input-output channel     -   338: Dual input-output channels of a dual rotator     -   380: Ascending rotator     -   382: Descending rotator     -   390: Dual ascending-descending rotator     -   400: Rotating-access switch module     -   416: Input unit including a memory device     -   418: Output unit including a memory device     -   424: Aggregation memory device     -   437: Ascending rotator     -   438: Transit-memory device     -   439: Descending rotator     -   440: Interleaved-access shared memory comprising ascending         rotator 437, transit-memory-devices 438, and descending rotator         439     -   500: Rotating-access switch module with integrated input-output         memory devices     -   516: Input unit including a memory device     -   518: Output unit including a memory device     -   520: Integrated input-output unit including a memory device     -   524: Aggregation input-output unit including a memory device     -   537: Ascending rotator     -   538: Transit-memory device     -   539: Descending rotator     -   540: Interleaved-access shared memory comprising ascending         rotator 537, transit-memory-devices 538, and descending rotator         539     -   600: Concise representations (600A, 600B) of switch-module 500     -   637: Dual ascending-descending (or descending-ascending) rotator     -   640: interleaved-access shared memory comprising dual rotator         637 and transit-memory-devices 538     -   641: Outer dual channel connecting data sources and sinks to a         segregated input-output unit 516/518     -   642: Outer dual channel connecting data sources and sinks to an         integrated input-output unit 520     -   643: Internal dual channel connecting a segregated input-output         unit to dual rotator 637     -   644: Internal dual channel connecting an integrated input-output         unit to dual rotator 637     -   646: Internal dual channel connecting a transit memory device         538 to dual rotator 637     -   700: Rotating-access switch module with integrated input-output         memory devices and an aggregation memory device     -   720: Integrated input-output memory devices     -   724: Aggregation memory device     -   725: Dual rotator     -   730: Transit-memory devices     -   800: Circulating-access switch module (two representations 800A         and 800B)     -   812: Ingress channel     -   814: Egress channel     -   820: Switch unit     -   821,822, 823, 824: Internal channels     -   825: Dual rotator     -   826: Optional aggregation unit     -   900: Switch module     -   908: Input channel     -   909: Output channel     -   916: Input port     -   918: Output port     -   920: Dual rotator     -   938: Transit memory device     -   940: Rotating-access memory device     -   1000: Occupancy array associated with a transit-memory device         938     -   1002: Cell in occupancy array 1000 dedicated to a specific         output port of switch-module 900     -   1004: Cell in occupancy array 1000 to be assigned to any output         port of switch-module 900     -   1006: Section of occupancy array 1000 including cells 1002     -   1008: Section of occupancy array 1000 including cells 1004     -   1104: Ascending rotator     -   1106: Descending rotator     -   1120: Switch unit     -   1126: Access input port of switch unit 1120     -   1127: Internal input port of switch unit 1120     -   1128: Internal input port of switch unit 1120     -   1136: Access output port of switch unit 1120     -   1137: Internal output port of switch unit 1120     -   1138: Internal output port of switch unit 1120     -   1140: Switch module comprising switch units 1120, ascending         rotator 1104, and descending rotator 1106     -   1146: Ingress channel     -   1147: Internal channel from ascending rotator 1104 to input port         1127     -   1148: Internal channel from descending rotator 1106 to input         port 1128     -   1156: Egress channel     -   1157: Internal channel from input port 1127 to ascending rotator         1104     -   1158: Internal channel from input port 1128 to descending         rotator 1106     -   1220: Memory device     -   1221: Temporal multiplexer     -   1222: Temporal demultiplexer     -   1241: Unprocessed data segment from source at input of a switch         unit     -   1242: Data segment, at input of a switch unit, sent from a         source switch unit     -   1243: Data segment, at input of a switch unit, sent from an         intermediate switch unit     -   1252: Output data segment at a source switch unit     -   1253: Output data segment at an intermediate switch unit     -   1261: Delivered data segment originating and terminating within         same switch unit     -   1262: Delivered data segment traversing one rotator     -   1263: Delivered data segment traversing two rotators     -   1430: Array representing occupancy of memory device 1220     -   1500: Conventional three-stage switch     -   1540: Switch module     -   1542: Connector from a first-stage switch module to a         second-stage switch module     -   1552: Connector from a second-stage switch module to a         third-stage switch module     -   1600: Three-stage switch with consolidation units     -   1630: Ingress port     -   1638: First-stage consolidation unit for data destined to all         egress ports     -   1640: Switch module in first stage     -   1642: Connector from switch module 1640 to a second-stage         consolidation unit     -   1648: Second-stage consolidation unit for data destined to         subsets of egress ports     -   1650: Switch module in second stage     -   1652: Connector from switch module 1650 to a third-stage         consolidation unit     -   1658: Third-stage consolidation unit for data destined to         specific egress ports     -   1660: Switch module in third stage     -   1661: Output data formatting unit     -   1670: Egress port     -   1738: Logical queues in a consolidation unit associated with a         specific first-stage switch module, each queue holding data         destined to any egress port     -   1748: Logical queues in a consolidation unit associated with a         specific second-stage switch module, each queue holding data         destined to egress ports of a specific third-stage switch module     -   1758: Logical queues in a consolidation unit associated with a         specific third-stage switch module, each queue holding data         destined to a specific egress port of the specific third-stage         switch module     -   1800: Switch having a mesh structure     -   1816: Ingress switch unit     -   1818: Egress switch unit     -   1826: Internal input switch unit     -   1828: Inner output port     -   1840: Rotating-access shared-memory device     -   1850: Internal channel     -   1860: Switch module     -   1902: Logical queues at an ingress switch unit 1816         corresponding to egress switch units 1818     -   1904: Logical queues at an ingress switch unit 1816         corresponding to inner output ports 1828     -   1906: Logical queues at an internal input switch unit 1826         corresponding to egress switch units 1818     -   1908: Logical queues at an internal input switch unit 1826         corresponding to inner output ports 1828     -   2000: Occupancy-tracking matrix maintained by a controller of a         switch module 1860     -   2002: Entry in matrix 2000 indicating available capacity in an         internal channel 1850     -   2100: Switch module using a rotating-access shared memory device     -   2108: Ingress channel     -   2109: Egress channel     -   2112: Temporal multiplexer     -   2114: Temporal demultiplexer     -   2115: Memory device     -   2116: input switch unit     -   2137: Input rotator     -   2139: Output rotator     -   2140: Rotating-access shared-memory device     -   2141: Link from input switch unit 2116 to input rotator 2137     -   2143: Link from output rotator 2139 to temporal demultiplexer         2114     -   2200: Switch module using a rotating-access shared memory device     -   2208: Ingress channel     -   2209: Egress channel     -   2220: Switch unit     -   2237: Input rotator     -   2239: Output rotator     -   2240: Rotating-access shared-memory device     -   2241: Link from input switch unit 2220 to input rotator 2237     -   2243: Link from output rotator 2239 to switch unit 2220     -   2300: Switch configuration as a temporal-spatial mesh with         internal expansion comprising contention-free switch modules         2360     -   2320: Switch unit     -   2308/2309: Dual ingress-egress access channel     -   2326: Outer consolidation unit     -   2328: Dual-input consolidation unit     -   2360: Contention-free switch module     -   2400: Switch configuration as a temporal-spatial mesh with         internal expansion and comprising contention-free switch modules         2360 with diverse inner connectivity     -   2500: Alternate representation of mesh switch 2400     -   2600: Mesh switch with internal expansion and configured to         maximum dimension     -   2700: Scalable flexible switch     -   2720: Switch unit in switch 2700     -   2725/2726: Combination of switch units     -   2730: Temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer     -   2740: Inner memory device in switch 2700     -   2745: Group of inner memory devices 2740     -   2748: Dual link from temporal-multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730 to         an inner memory device     -   2800: Scalable flexible switch similar to switch 2700 but using         a third group of inner memory devices     -   2820: Switch unit in switch 2800     -   2825/2826/2827: Combination of switch units     -   2830: Temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer     -   2840: Inner memory device in switch 2800     -   2845: Group of inner memory devices 2840     -   2848: Dual link from temporal-multiplexer-demultiplexer 2830 to         an inner memory device     -   2930: Temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer for a diagonal         combination     -   3000: Scalable flexible switch similar to switch 2800 but with         different connectivity of inner memory devices to increase         switch dimension (increase number of outer memory devices)     -   3020: Outer memory device/switch unit in switch 3000     -   3040: inner memory device in switch 3000     -   3045: Group of inner memory devices 2840     -   3225: Combination of outer memory devices/switch units in switch         3000     -   3600: Data-block format     -   3612: Data-unit payload     -   3614: Data-unit header     -   3624: Data-block header     -   3720: Outer memory device     -   3780: Outer controller of outer memory device 3720     -   3790: Combination controller coupled to multiple outer         controllers 3780     -   3880: Outer controller of an outer memory device 2720     -   3890: Combination controller coupled to a combination of outer         controllers 3880     -   3980: Outer controller of switch unit 2820 or 3020     -   3990: Combination controller coupled to a combination of outer         controllers 3980     -   4002: Message for Path reservation     -   4004: Message for data forwarding     -   4011: Message type     -   4012: Cyclical message number     -   4013: Message direction (towards egress or returning to ingress)     -   4014: Required flow-rate allocation     -   4015: Reservation status (progressing or denied)     -   4016: Counter of outer controllers traversed by message     -   4017: Identifier of ingress port—start of a path to be reserved     -   4018: Identifier of egress port—end of the path to be reserved     -   4021: Type of message 4004     -   4022: Identifier of message source (ingress port)     -   4023: Cyclical message number     -   4024: Number of outer-memory devices still to be traversed     -   4025: Identifiers of switch units to be traversed by a data         block from ingress to egress     -   4106: Input interfaces     -   4108: Output interfaces     -   4121: Memory device     -   4200: Table used by a combination controller 3790, 3890, or 3990         to track the occupancy of inner dual channels in respective         switch modules     -   4220: Index of outer memory device (or outer switch unit)     -   4222: Current vacancy of inner channel from outer-memory device     -   4224: Current vacancy of inner channel to outer memory device     -   4312: First group of logical queues in outer memory 2800 or 3000     -   4314: Second group of logical queues in outer memory 2800 or         3000     -   4316: Third group of logical queues in outer memory 2800 or 3000     -   4400: Scalable switch similar to switch 2700 with each inner         memory device 2740 replaced with an interleaved-access bank of         memory devices     -   4420: Outer memory device in switch 4400     -   4425: Combination of outer-memory devices 4420 of a column     -   4426: Combination of outer-memory devices 4420 of a row     -   4440: Shared-memory using interleaved-access bank of memory         devices     -   4445: Group shared memory devices 4440     -   4500: Scalable switch comprising intersecting combinations of         memory devices each combination interconnected via a dual         rotator to form a temporal mesh     -   4508: Channel from data sources     -   4509: Channel to data sinks     -   4520: Switch unit in switch 4500     -   4525/4526: Combinations of switch units 4520     -   4535: Dual rotator for combination 4525     -   4545: Group of dual rotators 4535     -   5000: Network employing scalable router-switches and passive         spectral multiplexers-demultiplexers     -   5030/5032: Temporal/spectral multiplexer-demultiplexer     -   5050: Scalable router-switch     -   5052: link connecting router-switches 5050     -   5102: Access device     -   5112: Group of access devices     -   5114: Channel from an access device 5102 to a temporal         multiplexer     -   5115: Channel from a temporal demultiplexer to an access device         5102     -   5116: temporal multiplexer     -   5117: temporal demultiplexer     -   5120: Passive spectral multiplexer     -   5121: Passive spectral demultiplexer     -   5122: Single-channel or multi-channel link from a temporal         multiplexer 5116 to a passive spectral multiplexer 5120     -   5123: Single-channel or multi-channel link from a passive         spectral demultiplexer 5121 to a temporal demultiplexer 5117.     -   5124: Multi-channel link from a passive spectral multiplexer         5120 to a scalable router-switch 5050     -   5125: Multi-channel link from a scalable router-switch 5050 to a         passive spectral demultiplexer 5121     -   5180: Hypothetical line defining an interface of a passive         access network to network 5000     -   5226: Input port of temporal multiplexer 5116     -   5227: Output port of temporal multiplexer 5117     -   5236: Output port of temporal multiplexer 5116     -   5237: Input port of temporal demultiplexer 5117     -   5246: Control port connecting temporal multiplexer 5116 to         controller 5250     -   5247: Control port connecting temporal demultiplexer 5117 to         controller 5250     -   5250: Controller of a group 5112 of access devices     -   5256: Optical-Electrical converter     -   5257: Electrical-Optical converter     -   5322: Channel in an upstream link 5124     -   5323: downstream channel originating from an egress port of a         router-switch 5050     -   5340: Spectral demultiplexer at a router-switch 5050     -   5341: Spectral multiplexer multiplexing channels 5323     -   5342: Optical-to-Electrical converter     -   5343: Electrical-to-Optical converter     -   5350: Ingress port of a router-switch 5050     -   5351: Egress port sharing control with ingress port 5350     -   5355: Controller of ingress port 5350 and egress port 5351     -   5410: A dual channel connecting a switch unit to respective data         sources and data sinks—also called an “access channel”     -   5420: A switch unit     -   5430: A dual channel connecting a switch unit to one of the         rotators of a dual rotator     -   5651: An ascending rotator interconnecting a number of switch         units     -   5652: A descending rotator interconnecting a number of switch         units     -   5750: A dual rotator comprising an ascending rotator and a         descending rotator     -   5900: A path from a selected originating switch unit to a first         destination switch unit traversing one dual rotator     -   5901: A first path from the selected originating switch to the         first destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   5902: A second path from the selected originating switch to the         first destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6000: A path from the selected originating switch unit to a         second destination switch unit traversing one dual rotator     -   6001: A first path from the selected originating switch to the         second destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6002: A second path from the selected originating switch to the         second destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6100: A path from the selected originating switch unit to a         third destination switch unit traversing one dual rotator     -   6101: A first path from the selected originating switch to the         third destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6102: A second path from the selected originating switch to the         third destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6201: A first path from the selected originating switch to a         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6202: A second path from the selected originating switch to the         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6203: A third path from the selected originating switch to the         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6204: A fourth path from the selected originating switch to the         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6205: A fifth path from the selected originating switch to the         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6206: A sixth path from the selected originating switch to the         fourth destination switch unit traversing two dual rotators     -   6320: Input port of a switching mechanism 6350     -   6350: Switching mechanism     -   6370: Output port of switching mechanism 6350     -   6410: Input buffer of input port 6320     -   6412: Segment of input buffer 6410 associated with an output         port 6370 of the switching mechanism 6350     -   6510: Output buffer of output port 6370     -   6512: Segment of output buffer 6510 associated with an output         port of a respective dual rotator     -   6600: An implementation of a switch unit 5420 based on a shared         memory device 6640     -   6610: A channel from external data sources     -   6611: A channel from a rotator of a first rotator group     -   6612: A channel from a rotator of a second rotator group     -   6613: A channel from a rotator of a third rotator group     -   6620: An input port of temporal multiplexer 6635     -   6625: A controller of a combined input port 6620 and output port         6670     -   6628: A temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer     -   6630: A switch-unit controller     -   6635: A temporal multiplexer     -   6640: A shared memory device     -   6641: A controller of shared memory device 6640     -   6645: A temporal demultiplexer     -   6670: An output port of temporal demultiplexer 6645     -   6680: A channel to external data sinks     -   6681: A channel to a rotator of a first rotator group     -   6682: A channel from a rotator of a second rotator group     -   6683: A channel from a rotator of a third rotator group     -   6720: An input port of input rotating connector 6735 of         switching mechanism 6750     -   6735: An input rotating connector of switching mechanism 6750     -   6740: A transit memory device of switching mechanism 6750     -   6745: An output rotating connector of switching mechanism 6750     -   6750: An implementation of switching mechanism 6350 based on         rotating-access of an array of transit memory devices 6740     -   6770: An output port of output rotating connector 6745 of         switching mechanism 6750     -   7041: A controller of a transit memory device 6740     -   7042: A delay unit     -   7110: A channel from external data sources     -   7111: A channel from a rotator of a first rotator group     -   7112: A channel from a rotator of a second rotator group     -   7113: A channel from a rotator of a third rotator group     -   7125: A controller of a combined input port 6720 and output port         6770     -   7128: A temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer     -   7130: A switch-unit controller     -   7180: A channel to external data sinks     -   7181: A channel to a rotator of a first rotator group     -   7182: A channel from a rotator of a second rotator group     -   7183: A channel from a rotator of a third rotator group

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A switching device used in a telecommunication network comprises a number of input ports for receiving signals from local or remote sources, a number of output ports for transmitting signals, received from the input ports, to local or remote sinks, and a switch fabric for directing each received signal to an output port leading to a designated destination. It is highly desirable that the switch fabric be non-blocking. It is even more desirable that the switch fabric be contention free. A non-blocking switch fabric guarantees the availability of a path of appropriate capacity from any input port having a sufficient free capacity to any output port also having a sufficient free capacity. A switch fabric may have to examine several paths from the designated input port to the designated output port before finding an available path or a number of spatially or temporally distinct paths that may collectively have the required capacity. Finding a path may require temporal or spatial matching processes which can be processing intensive. A contention-free switch fabric has the significant advantage of direct path allocation without the need for resolving contention. A contention-free switch fabric typically has a rather limited dimension and capacity and has been conventionally used as a switch module in a large-dimension switch, whether blocking or non-blocking. The process of finding an internal path from an input port to an output port in the large-dimension switch then requires examining the occupancy states of links connecting the contention-free switch modules.

It is known to construct a high-capacity large-dimension switch having a large number of input ports and a large number of output ports using switch modules of smaller dimension arranged in a canonical multi-stage structure. By providing sufficient inner expansion, also called dilation, a multi-stage switch can be made strictly non-blocking so that a free internal connection can always be found from any input port to any output port during any interval of time where the input and output ports in question are both free. The dimension, and capacity, of a canonical multi-stage switch can grow virtually indefinitely by increasing the number of stages. There are, however, several drawbacks of canonical multi-stage structures including hardware inefficiency, complexity of scheduling, and difficulty of handling variable-flow-rate streams.

The contention-free switch modules of a multi-stage switch fabric are arranged in cascaded arrays, each array constituting a ‘switching stage’. The number of stages is the number of switch modules traversed by a signal from an input port to an output port. In an ‘unfolded’ k-stage structure, k>1, such as the classical Clos-type structures, each path from input to output traverses the same number, k, of switch modules and k is typically an odd number.

The contention-free switch modules may also be arranged in a mesh structure of order k>1, where a path from ingress to egress may traverse a number of switch modules that varies from 1 to k.

The dimension of a multi-stage structure is determined by the dimensions of the switch modules and the number of stages. Using uniform switch modules, each of dimension m×m, the dimension of an unfolded k-stage structure is m^((k+1)/2). With m=32, for example, the maximum dimension of a three-stage (k=3) switch is 1024×1024 and the maximum dimension of a five-stage switch (k=5) is 32768×32768.

Contention-Free Switch Module

A contention-free switch module facilitates flow-rate control and simplifies control by replacing contention-resolution processes within the module with a simple memory-address assignment process. A contention-free switch module may either be constructed as a shared wide memory accessed cyclically, as in switch module 100 of FIG. 1 or switch module 200 of FIG. 2, where each input port or output port has exclusive access to the shared memory during a designated time slot in a predefined time frame.

FIG. 1 illustrates a known shared-memory switch 100 comprising a shared memory device 140, input ports 116 receiving data from data sources through input channels 108 and cyclically writing data in the shared memory device 140 during designated WRITE intervals in a predefined time frame, and output ports 118 cyclically reading data from the shared memory device 140 during designated READ intervals in the time frame. Output ports 118 transmit data to sinks over channels 109. Each input port 116 has an input memory device for storing data received from subtending sources and each output port 118 has an output memory device for storing data to be transmitted to subtending sinks Each input port 116 is designated a time interval per time frame for writing a data block formed during a preceding frame period in the shared memory 140 through a channel 124. Each output port 118 is designated a time interval per frame for reading a data block from the shared memory 140 through a channel 126. With approximately equal memory-access times for all memory devices in all input ports 116 and output ports 118, the ratio of the width of the shared memory 140 to the width of an input memory or an output memory is at least equal the number of input or output memory devices. Data received at an input memory from data sources may be sorted in logical queues each logical queue corresponding to a destination output port 118 to facilitate the formation of data blocks at input. An input port 116 and an output port 118 may be combined into a dual port 220 sharing a single memory device as illustrated in FIG. 2. Thus, the memory device of a dual port 220 holds data received from data sources through input channel 208 to be logically aggregated into data blocks and written in the shared memory 140 through a channel 224. The memory device of dual port 220 also holds data blocks read from the shared memory 140 through a channel 226 to be parsed into data segments (data units) and transmitted to subtending data sinks through an output channel 209. Data received at a dual port 220 from data sources may be sorted in logical queues each of which corresponding to a destination dual 220. A data block comprises data segments of smaller size and is transferred to a corresponding destination switch unit.

A contention-free switch module may also be constructed by time-interleaving input data segments received simultaneously from several input ports in a bank of transit memory devices. Time-interleaving-access may be performed using temporal rotators. Temporal rotators are illustrated in FIG. 3. FIGS. 4 to 7 illustrate switch modules based on contention-free interleaved access.

FIG. 3 illustrates an ascending rotator 380 connecting input channels 321 to output channels 322 and a descending rotator 382 connecting input channels 324 to output channels 323. The input channels 321 and output channels 322 may be represented as dual channels 332. Similarly, the input channels 324 and output channels 323 may be represented as dual channels 334. An ascending rotator has a number of input ports each connecting to an input channel 321 and an equal number of output ports each connecting to an output channel 322. The rotator cyclically connects each input port to each output port during a time slot within a rotation cycle. A time slot is selected to at least equal a period during which an input port connects to an output port. The duration of a rotation cycle, herein called a rotation period, equals the number of input ports times the time-slot duration. For example, a rotator having 1024 input ports, and an equal number of output ports, where the duration of each time-slot period is 40 nanoseconds would have a rotation period of 40.96 microseconds. The input ports and output ports in an m×m rotator may be indexed according to sequential numbers, 0 to (m−1) and an ascending rotator 380 connects each input port j to output port {j+τ}_(modulo m) during a time slot T of a time frame having m time slots indexed as 0 to (m−1). A descending rotator 382 connects each input port j to output {j−τ}_(modulo m) during a time slot τ of the time frame. An ascending rotator 380 and a descending rotator 382 may be represented as a dual rotator 390 interconnecting dual input-output channels 338. The rotators' representations are referenced in FIG. 3 as 300A to 300F.

The ascending and descending rotators of FIG. 3 may be used in realizing a contention-free rotating-access switch module, to be described below with reference to FIGS. 4 to 7 or a contention-free circulating switch module to be described with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9.

FIG. 4 illustrates an unfolded rotating-access switch 400 that can be operated in a contention-free mode. The switch comprises input units 416 and a rotating-access shared memory device 440 (also referenced below as a rotating-access memory device) that comprises an input rotator 437, a bank of transit memory devices 438 and an output rotator 439. Each transit memory device 438 is logically organized into a number of storage cells each sufficient to hold a data segment. Output units 418 may also be provided to facilitate data transfer to a subsequent switch unit or to data sinks During a rotation cycle, a sequence of data segments forming a data block may be consecutively transferred from an input unit 416 to consecutive transit memory devices 438 to be written in free storage cells in the transit memory devices. If the data segments of a data block are written in corresponding cells in transit memory devices 438, contention would be entirely avoided. Thus, unlike the shared wide memory of switch modules 100 or 200, the data segments comprising a given data block are not written simultaneously in the array of transit memory devices 438. However, the transfer, from an input unit 416 to the array of transit memory devices 438, preferably begins when there is a sufficient number of waiting data segments that may form a data block destined to an output unit 418. As in shared-memory switch modules 100 and 200 (FIGS. 1 and 2), the dimension of switch-module 400 is limited by the delay in accumulating a sufficient number of data segments per data block. To avoid excessive delay in forming data blocks, the number of inputs in switch modules 100, 200, or 400 need be limited. Additionally, to limit the delay for data streams having low flow rates, a number of switch units may be dedicated to aggregate low-rate data streams and form full, or near full, data blocks. Switch module 400 includes one aggregation input-output unit 424.

The input and output units 416 and 418 may have separate memory devices. Alternatively, an integrated input-output unit may have a shared memory device. FIG. 5 illustrates a contention-free rotating-access switch module 500 using both integrated and segregated input-output units. The core of switch module 500 is a rotating-access shared memory device 540 comprising an ascending rotator 537, a bank of transit-memory devices 538, and a descending rotator 539. The rotation directions of rotators 537 and 539 may be reversed. The exemplary configuration of FIG. 5 comprises two integrated input-output units 520, six input units 516, and six output units 518. In general, the number of segregated input and output units 516, 518, and the number of integrated input-output units 520 are selected according to various design considerations. For example, all the input-output units may be of the integrated type 520.

Preferably, the number of transit memory devices equals the number of input units 516, input-output units 520, and aggregation input-output units 524. However, variants of switch module 500 where the number of transit memory devices may differ from the combined number of input units 516 and input-output units 520 may be devised.

An optional aggregation input-output unit 524 connects to an input port of the input rotator 537 and an output port of the output rotator.

FIG. 6 illustrates two concise representations 600A and 600B of switch module 500 of FIG. 5 to be used throughout the present disclosure. A rotator pair including a rotator 537 and a rotator 539 is illustrated as a dual rotator 637. A segregated input-output unit 516/518 has a dual channel 641, connecting to sources and sinks and a dual channel 643 to dual rotator 637. An integrated input-output unit 520 has a dual channel 642, connecting to sources and sinks and a dual channel 644 to dual rotator 637. Input units 516 and output units 518 use separate memory devices but a pair of input unit 516 and an output unit 518 may have common control. A bank of transit memory devices 538 connect to dual rotator 637 through dual channels 646. Aggregation unit 524 receives data segments belonging to data streams of low flow rates from any input unit 516 or integrated input-output unit 520 and forms data blocks each to be transferred through a rotating-access memory device 640 to a single output unit 518 or to an integrated input-output unit 520.

FIG. 7 illustrates a contention-free rotating-access switch module 700 similar to switch module 600 having a number N>1 of input-output units 720, individually identified as 720-0 to 720-(N−1), and an aggregation unit 724. A switch unit 720 may be a segregated input-output switch unit or an integrated input-output switch unit. When N is relatively large, 64 for example, aggregation unit 724 may be of higher capacity. In the exemplary configuration of FIG. 7, aggregation unit 724 has four dual channels to the dual rotator 725 (four channels to an ascending rotator and four channels from a descending rotator constituting dual rotator 725). The number of transit memory devices 730 equals the number of payload input-output units 720 plus four.

FIG. 8 illustrates a contention-free circulating switch module 800A, according to the present invention, comprising N>1 switch units 820, individually identified as 820-0 to 820-(N−1) interconnected in a temporal mesh through a dual rotator 825. An optional aggregation unit 826, functionally similar to aggregation units 524 (FIG. 5) or 724 (FIG. 7) may be provided.

Each switch unit 820 may have a memory device for storing data segments received from sources, data segments in transit to other switch units 820, and data segments to be transmitted to data sinks During a rotation cycle, data segments received at a switch 820 from an incoming channel 812 and destined to an outgoing channel 814 of another switch unit 820 are written in corresponding addresses in all switch units 820. Null data segments are written if, during a rotation cycle, the number of data segments of a common output destination is less than the number of memory devices 820. A switch unit 820 connects to an internal input channel 821 from a first rotator of dual rotator 825, an internal channel 822 to the first rotator, an internal channel 823 from a second rotator of dual rotator 825, and an internal channel 824 to the second rotator. Switch module 800A may be represented in the concise form 800B which hides the connections of switch units 820 and aggregation unit 826 to the dual rotator 825.

Switch module 800A may be used in a larger-scale switch configured as a temporal-spatial mesh, as will be described with reference to FIG. 25 and FIG. 45.

Data-Unit Aggregation

A contention-free switch module, whether based on cyclic exclusive access, as in switch modules 100 and 200, or interleaving access, as in switch module 400, switches data blocks and the size of each data block is determined by the number of input ports and the size of a data segment. The dimension of the switch module is therefore limited by the delay in forming a data block. For example, if the number of input ports is 64, and if the memory access interval (read plus write) is 20 nanoseconds, the time frame during which each input port accesses the memory is 1.28 microseconds. When the spatial distribution of traffic is almost uniform, i.e., when the traffic received at each input port is equitably directed to the output ports, the switching delay may be equal to the frame duration times the number of input ports; approximately 82 microseconds in the above example. However, if the spatial distribution of traffic is non-uniform, which is typically the case, the block-formation delay may vary significantly according to the flow-rate of different input-output data streams; for a data stream of low flow rate, it may take an input port an excessively large number of time frames to form a data block of a reasonable fill, i.e., including a number of payload bits that is not much smaller than the shared-memory width. In order to ensure high service quality regardless of the spatial traffic distribution, it is reasonable to impose a delay upper bound (a permissible delay) beyond which data accumulated at a given input port and destined to a specific output port must be written in the shared memory. If most of the traffic received at an input port is directed to a relatively small number of output ports, and consequently a small proportion of the traffic is directed to the larger number of the output ports, then several access intervals of the input port would be wasted in writing data blocks of low fill. Recall that a data block in an exclusive-access contention-free switch must be directed to a single output port. In an extreme case, where an input port receives traffic at the full rate of the input port and the traffic is almost entirely directed to a single output port, with an insignificant—but non-zero—amount directed to each of the other output ports, the delay upper bound must be substantially higher than the number of input ports (and output ports) multiplied by the frame duration in order to avoid excessive capacity waste. Conversely, since the delay upper bound is independent of the switch-structure, the number of input ports (or output ports) must be reduced to satisfy the acceptable delay tolerance while maintaining high efficiency. Denoting the permissible delay as D, the number of dual ports as N (a dual port comprises an input port and an output port), and the access interval as δ, then the frame duration would be N×δ, the maximum relative waste β due to extreme non-uniform spatial distribution is determined as β=(N−1)ΔN≦δ/D. The maximum number N of dual ports would then be determined from (N−1)×N≦β×D/δ. For example, with D=200 microseconds, δ=20 nanoseconds, and β=0.2, then N≦45.2, and the switch module may have a maximum of 45 dual ports.

To offset the capacity waste due to incomplete data blocks, one of two methods may be employed. According to the first method, an appropriate internal expansion may be provided so that the outer capacity of the switch module is lower than the inner capacity. According to the second method, at least one dual port would be used exclusively for aggregating data segments, belonging to data streams originating from any of the input ports and having a flow rate lower than a predefined threshold, into data blocks each destined to a specific output port.

Consider a contention-free switch module 100 (FIG. 1) having m input ports 116. Each input port 116 gains access to the wide shared memory 140 during one time slot in a time frame of at least m time slots. If the traffic is spatially and temporally balanced, where during a sufficiently small observation period each input unit receives data that are distributed equally among the output units, then each input unit would be able to direct a data block, which is at most m data-units wide, to a given output unit every m² time slots. With a time-slot duration of δ, the period between successive deliveries for an input-output pair would be δ m². With δ=40 nanoseconds, for example, and with a delay tolerance of 100 microseconds, the number of input units, under perfect-balance assumption, would be 50. With violent spatial-temporal traffic variation, an individual input-output stream may not have sufficient data to form a data block within m time frames and data may have to wait at input for an unacceptable period of time. To provide acceptable service quality, an upper bound of data-block-formation delay may be enforced. This, however, may result in switching data blocks with a high proportion of null data which, in turn, requires providing a significant internal expansion. The internal expansion would be determined according to the delay tolerance, the number of input units, and the shared-memory speed. If, in the above example, the delay tolerance is increased to 500 microseconds, then an internal expansion of 0.2, i.e., the internal capacity is 1.2 times the external capacity, would be adequate to handle extreme traffic variations in a switch having m input units. An alternate approach to handling extreme traffic variation, while limiting the delay to acceptable levels, is to dedicate a number of input-output units for traffic aggregation. For example, a contention-free switch of 64 input-output units (an input-output unit may be integrated or may comprise an input unit and an output unit) may use two integrated input-output units for aggregation.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary switch module 900 comprising twelve transit memory devices 938 individually identified as 938-0 to 938-11, twelve input ports 916 individually identified as 916-0 to 916-11, twelve output ports 918 individually identified as 918-0 to 918-11, and a dual rotator 920. Input ports 916 receive data from input channels 908 and output ports 918 transmit data over output channels 909. The twelve transit memory devices 938 and the dual rotator 920 collectively constitute a rotating-access shared memory device 940. Each input port 916 gains WRITE-access to all the memory devices 938 during a designated time slot in a time frame organized in a number of time slots. The number of time slots per time frame at least equals the number of input ports 916. Likewise, each output port 918 gains READ-access to all the memory devices during a designated time slot in the time frame. The switch module 900 may be operated as a contention-free switching device or a contention-based switching device. The switch module 900 may also provide both contention-free and contention-based switching.

To provide contention-free switching, data received at each input port 916 from data sources is organized in data segments and a number (12 in this example) of data segments form a data block. The data received at each input port 916 is organized in data segments and each transit memory device 938 is organized into a number of cells each cell for holding one data segment. The number of data segments per data block may not exceed the number of transit memory devices 938 (12 in switch module 940) and a data block may include null data segments. An input port 916 transfers a data block to the memory devices 938 during a designated time slot where each memory device 938 holds one of the data segments of the data block. A data segment may be written at any free address in a memory device; however, it is convenient to write all the data segments of at data block at corresponding addresses in the memory devices. It is assumed that each memory device has a sufficient storage capacity to hold data segments waiting for transfer and, hence, the process of writing a data block is contention free. Subsequently, any output port, during its designated time slot, may read any data block. If a data block is destined to only one output port, the corresponding memory locations in the memory devices 938 may be overwritten after being read. Otherwise, if the data block is destined to multiple output ports, the corresponding memory locations in memory devices 938 may be overwritten only after being copied to each of the multiple output ports, as determined by a counter for example. Thus, in the contention-free scheme, a data segment may be written in any free memory location. However, for contention-free switching to be manageable, the data segments of a data block are written in corresponding memory addresses of the transit memory devices 938-0 to 938-11.

To operate the switch module 940 in a contention-based scheme, the data received at each input port is organized in data segments and each memory device is organized into a number of cells equal to the number of output ports, with each cell corresponding to an output port and having a sufficient capacity to hold a data segment. Each input port 916, during its designated access time slot, may write a number of data segments, not exceeding the number of memory devices 938, where at most one segment may be written in a memory device 938. A data segment destined to a specific output port may be written only in a cell of a memory device 938 corresponding to the specific output port. The data segments remains in the cell until it is read by its designated output, or all its designated outputs in the case of multicast switching. Thus, an input port may fail to write a data segment because a corresponding cell is still occupied.

Contention-free switching significantly simplifies scheduling but requires arranging data into relatively large data blocks. Contention-based switching, as described above, provides fine granularity but requires a somewhat elaborate vacancy-matching process. To exploit the advantages of the two schemes, contention-free switching may be used for data destined to specific output ports of the switch module 940 while the contention-based scheme may apply to data destined to the remaining output ports. The specific output ports are judicially selected as will be described with reference to the configurations of FIG. 18.

FIG. 10 illustrates data organization in a switch module 900 providing both contention-free and contention-based switching. Each memory device 938 is organized into a number of cells; 16 in the example of FIG. 10. The cell-occupancy of each memory device 938-x is represented by a respective array 1000-x having 16 entries, each entry corresponding to a cell in memory device 938-x. A shaded entry indicates that a corresponding memory cell is holding a data segment. Specific cells 1002, each corresponding to an output port 918, are used exclusively for contention-based switching. The remaining cells, 1004, are used freely to store a data segment of any data block regardless of the target output port. In the example of FIG. 10, four cells 1002 in each memory device 938 are dedicated to specific output ports 918. An input port 916 may transfer individual data segments to memory devices 938 to be written in cells 1002 or data blocks, each comprising a number of data segments not exceeding 12 in this example, to be written in cells 1004 of similar addresses in memory devices 838. For example, during an access time slot, an input port 916 a may simultaneously write data segments, which may include null segments, in memory devices 938 at cells 1002 indicated as 1002 a. The twelve data segments include 10 payload data segments of which two are directed to output port 918-0, one to output-port 918-1, two to output-port 918-2, and four to output-port 918-3. The input port may also simultaneously write twelve data segments directed to a single output port, 918-5 for example, at cells 1004 indicated as 1004 b. The data blocks are not necessarily read in the same order in which they were written and, hence, they may not occupy contiguous memory cells. A convenient way to keep track of vacant memory cells is to use a multi-threaded linked list well known in the art.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary switch module 1140, according to the present invention. Switch module 1140 comprises a bank of switch units 1120, individually identified as 1120-0 to 1120-11, a clockwise rotator (ascending rotator) 1104 and a counterclockwise rotator (descending rotator) 1106. Each of the two rotators 1104 or 1106 has a number of rotator input ports at least equal to the number of switch units 1120 and a number of rotator output ports at least equal to the number of switch units 1120. Each switch unit 1120 has three input ports and three output ports. An access input port 1126 connects to a channel 1146 from data sources or other switch modules, an internal input port 1127 connects to a channel 1147 from clockwise rotator 1104, and an internal input port 1128 connects to a channel 1148 from counterclockwise rotator 1106. An access output port 1136 connects to a channel 1156 to data sinks or other switch modules, an internal output port 1137 connects to channel 1157 to clockwise rotator 1104, and an internal output port 1138 connects to a channel 1158 to counterclockwise rotator 1106.

Switch module 1140 may provide contention-free switching, contention-based switching, or a combined contention-free and contention-based switching. A switch module 1140 operated as a contention-based switching device is disclosed in United States Patent Application titled “Circulating Switch”, publication no. 2004/0165887.

Switch modules 1140 may be arranged in a cascaded structure, as will be described with reference to FIG. 16, a mesh structure, as will be described with reference to FIG. 18, or in other structures requiring interconnection of switch modules as will be described with reference to FIGS. 27-29 and 44-45.

When used in a cascade multi-stage structure, all the access input ports 1126 of a switch module in a first stage may be ingress ports 1126A receiving data from data sources and all output ports 1136 of a switch module in a last stage may be egress ports 1136A transmitting data to data sinks. All access input ports 1126 of a switch module in a middle stage are inbound ports 1126B receiving data from a switch module of a preceding stage and all access output ports of a switch module of a middle stage are outbound ports 1136B transmitting data to switch modules of a succeeding stage. In a cascaded structure, each switch module 1140 may be operated as a contention-free switching device providing contention-free switching from each access input port 1126 to each access output port 1136.

When used in a mesh structure, the access input ports 1126 of any switch module 1140 may be divided into ingress ports 1126A receiving data from data sources and inbound ports 1126B receiving data from other switch modules. Likewise, the access output ports 1136 may be divided into egress ports 1136A transmitting data to data sinks and outbound ports transmitting data to other switch modules. Preferably, each switch module 1140 may provide contention-free switching from any access input port 1126 to outbound ports 1136B and contention-based switching from any access input port to egress ports 1136A.

FIG. 12 further illustrates switch units 1120 comprising a memory device 1220 connecting to a multiplexer 1221 and a demultiplexer 1222. Multiplexer 1221 connects to an ingress channel 1146 from data sources, an internal input channel 1147 from the clockwise rotator 1104, and an internal input channel 1148 from the counterclockwise rotator 1106. Data segments from channels 1146, 1147, and 1148 are cyclically transferred through multiplexer 1221 to the memory device 1220. Demultiplexer 1222 connects to an egress channel 1156, an internal output channel 1157 to the clockwise rotator 1104, and an internal output channel 1158 to counterclockwise rotator 1106. Demultiplexer 1222 cyclically transfers data from the memory device 1220 to channels 1156, 1157, and 1158.

A fresh data segment 1241 received at a given switch unit is marked as being in state “1”, a data segment 1242 received from a data source connecting to a different switch unit through one of the two rotators, 1104 and 1106, is marked as being in state “2”, and a data segment 1243 received from a data source connecting to another switch unit through an intermediate switch unit is marked as being in state “3”. The data segment state (“1”, “2”, or “3”) is indicated in a circle at input and in a square at output. An input data segment 1241 directed to a data sink connecting to the given switch unit may be directly transferred to egress channel 1156 and is referenced as output data segment 1261 in FIG. 12. An input data segment 1241 directed to a data sink connected to a destination switch unit 1120 is transferred through internal output channel 1257 leading to the clockwise rotator 1104 or internal output channel 1158 leading to the counterclockwise rotator 1106, and is referenced as output data segment 1252. Either of the two rotators 1104 or 1106 may transfer the data segment directly to the destination switch unit or deliver the data segment to an intermediate switch unit.

An input data segment 1242 may be directed to a local data sink (indicated as output data segment 1262) or directed to one of the two rotators (referenced as output data segment 1253) for delivery to the switch unit connecting to the destination data sink.

An input data segment 1243 may only be directed to a local data sink (referenced as output data segment 1263) and is transferred through egress channel 1256.

FIG. 13 further details the interconnection of switch units through the two rotators 1104/1106 using the switch unit of FIG. 12.

Exemplary switch module 1140 comprises twelve switch units 1120 individually identified as 1120-0, 1120-1, . . . , 1120-11. Each switch unit 1120 includes a memory device 1220 which stores data segments received from data sources, data segments to be transmitted to data sinks, data segments individually addressed to egress ports, and data segments organized in data blocks where each data block is addressed to an inner output port.

FIG. 14 illustrates memory organization in exemplary switch module 1140 in which four of the twelve switch units interface with data sources and sinks, and are herein called “outer switch units 1120A”. The remaining eight switch units are “inner switch units” each having an outbound channel from an outbound port 1136B to an inbound port 1126A of another switch module 11409. Fresh data received from data sources are arranged into data segments of a moderate size; 1024 bits each, for example.

Each column 1430 represents a memory device 1220 of a switch unit 1120. The memory device 1220 is logically divided into four sections. A first section 1402 contains data segments 1422 received from data sources connecting to the switch unit 1120. A second section 1404 contains data segments 1424 for delivery to respective data sinks connecting to the switch unit 1120. A third section 1406 contains data segments 1426 waiting for transfer through the switch module 1140 to any of the outer switch units 1120A. A fourth section 1408 contains data segments 1428 waiting for transfer through switch module 1140 to an inner switch unit 1120B. A data segment 1428 belongs to a data block and the data segments of the data block occupy corresponding cells in the twelve columns 1430. A data block may include a null data segment 1432. It is noted that sections 1406 and 1408 of columns 1430 are similar to sections 1006 and 1008 of a column (FIG. 10) representing a memory device 938 (FIG. 9). A memory device 938 stores only data in transit while a memory device 1220 stores data in transit as well as fresh data from sources and terminating data for transfer to data sinks

Cascaded Multi-Stage Switch

FIG. 15 illustrates a conventional three-stage switch 1500 comprising three arrays 1530, 1532, 1534 of switch modules 1540. Each switch module 1540 has m input ports and m output ports, and the three-stage switch 1500 has m² input ports and m² output ports. A switch module 1540 may be a single-stage time-multiplexed space switch or a shared-memory switch. In general, an input buffer is needed at each input port of each switch module 1540 of the first array 1530, regardless of the type of switch module, in order to enable packet segmentation into data segments of a predefined size.

Each first-stage module connects to each second-stage module through a respective connector 1542. Each second-stage module connects to each third-stage module through a respective connector 1552.

If each switch module 1540 is a time-multiplexed space switch module, then data segments may be held in an input buffer to be switched according to a schedule determined by a controller of the switch 1500. A path through switch 1500 traverses three time-multiplexed switch modules 1540. Allocating a path requires a complex third-order time-slot-matching process to find four contemporaneous vacant time slots, in a predefined time frame, at a first input port (an ingress port) of a first switch module 1540 in the first array 1530, a second input port of a second switch module 1540 in the second array 1532, a third input port of a third switch module 1540 in the third array 1534, and an egress port of the third switch module. In order to facilitate path-search through the switch 1500, an intermediate buffer may be placed at each input port of each switch module 1540 in the second array 1532 and the third array 1534. Such intermediate buffers provide temporal decoupling of the three arrays 1530, 1532, 1534 and, hence, decomposes the path-search process to three first-order time-slot-matching processes. Thus, the use of intermediate buffers reduces a third-order time-slot-matching process to three independent first-order time-slot-matching processes which are still elaborate but require less search effort and yield a better utilization of the switch modules 1540 in comparison with a third-order time-slot-matching process.

To further simplify the operation of switch 1500, contention-free switch modules 1540 may be used. This significantly reduces the path search effort. Instead of elaborate time-slot-matching processes which require examining port-occupancy states during individual time slots of a time frame, the path finding process is reduced to examining the occupancy states of the ingress port, the egress port, the second input port, and the third input port to determine if each has a sufficient vacancy to accommodate a connection.

A contention-free switch module 1540 may be implemented as conventional shared-memory switching device as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, or a rotating-access shared-memory switching device as described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 11. A shared-memory switching device switches data blocks of a relatively large size. A data segment formed at ingress may be of size 1024 bits and a data block may comprise m data segments, m being the number of input ports per switch module 1540 as defined above. With m=64, for example, the size of a data block would be 64 kilobits. Switching large data blocks requires that data of a given data stream be held at an ingress port until sufficient data is accumulated to form a data block. The delay at an ingress port can be excessive for a data stream of relatively low flow rate, and this may force forming incomplete data blocks with possible significant capacity waste that would, in turn, force the use of a large internal expansion. To circumvent this difficulty, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a consolidation process is introduced at each input port of each switch module 1540 as will be described below with reference to FIG. 16.

FIG. 16 illustrates a three-stage switch 1600 comprising three arrays of contention-free switch modules. A first array comprises contention-free switch modules 1640, identified individually as 1640-0 to 1640-7. A second array comprises contention-free switch modules 1650 (individually 1650-0 to 1650-7). A third array comprises contention-free switch modules 1660 (individually 1660-0 to 1660-7). Each switch module 1640 has eight ingress ports 1630 and each switch module 1660 has eight egress ports 1670. A contention-free switch module 1640, 1650, or 1660 may be a conventional shared-memory switch module, such as switch 100, a rotating-access switch module 540, or a circulating switch module 1140. When a switch module 540 is used as a switch module 1640, 1650, or 1660 in switch 1600, aggregation unit 524 may not be needed in switch modules 1640, 1650 because consolidation units 1638 and 1648 already aggregate traffic streams destined to a large number of output ports, thus reducing the formation delay of data blocks.

To facilitate path allocation, each ingress port may be identified by indices u and v, where u is an identifier of a first-array switch module 1640 and v is an identifier of the input port within the switch module 1640. Likewise, each egress port may be identified by indices x and y, where x is an identifier of a third-array switch module 1660 and y is an identifier of the egress port within the switch module 1660. At an ingress port 1630, data packets are received and segmented into data segments of equal size in a manner well known in the art. A consolidation unit 1638 associated with each ingress port sorts the data segments according to their destination egress ports and holds the sorted data in a consolidation memory device within the consolidation unit 1638. The data segments are aggregated into data blocks, each containing a number of data segments preferably equal to the number of ingress ports per switch module 1640. A data blocked formed at a consolidation unit 1638 may contain data blocks destined to any egress port 1670. A data block may contain null data segments.

Data blocks switched through a contention-free switch module 1640 are directed through channels 1642 to consolidation units 1648. At a consolidation unit 1648 associated with a switch module 1650, data blocks received from a switch module 1640 are disassembled into its constituent data segments which may be destined to any egress ports 1670 and the data segments are sorted according to their destination switch modules 1660. Data blocks are formed, with each data block containing data segments destined to egress ports belonging to the same switch module 1660.

Likewise, data blocks switched through a contention-free switch module 1650 are directed through channels 1652 to consolidation units 1658. At a consolidation unit 1658 associated with a specific switch module 1660, data blocks received from a switch module 1650 are disassembled into its constituent data segments which may be destined to egress ports 1670 belonging to the specific switch module 1660. At consolidation unit 1658, the data segments are sorted according to their destination egress ports 1670 and data blocks are formed, each containing data segments destined to an egress port of the specific switch module 1660.

A data block formed at a consolidation unit 1648 has a number of data segments preferably equal to the number of internal input ports per switch module 1650 and, likewise, a data block formed at a consolidation unit 1658 has a number of data segments preferably equal to the number of internal input ports per switch module 1660. The purpose of consolidation units 1638, 1648, and 1658 is to facilitate the formation of large data blocks of high fill without incurring excessive delay. Egress units 1661 disassemble data blocks into data segments and reassemble the data segments into data packets in a manner well known in the art.

The dimension of each switch module 1640, 1650, or 1660 is limited primarily by the delay in forming data blocks and the consolidation units 1638, 1648, and 1658 are introduced in order to reduce data-block-formation delay. The illustrated switch 1600 uses modules of dimension 8×8 each and has 64 ingress ports (input ports of the first array) and 64 egress ports (output ports of the third array). Using contention-free switch modules, each dimension 64×64, would enable the construction of a switch 1600 of dimension 4096×4096.

Each consolidation unit 1638, 1648, or 1658 has a memory device logically partitioned into eight queues; one queue per output port of the consolidation unit as illustrated in FIG. 17. Each queue 1738 of consolidation unit 1638 may hold data segments belonging to any of the 64 egress ports. Data segments of a specific connection are assigned to a same queue in order to guarantee proper order of delivery. Connections may be assigned to the queues 1738 in a manner that realizes load equalization. Each queue 1748 of consolidation unit 1648 may hold data segments belonging to any of eight egress ports of a switch module 1660; for example a first queue may hold data segments directed to egress ports 0-7 and a last queues may hold data destined to egress ports 56 to 63. Each queue 1758 of consolidation unit 1658 may hold data destined to a single egress port.

Simple Mesh Structures

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary mesh structure 1800 of nine switch modules 1860, each having a rotating-access shared memory 1840. Each of the rotating-access shared-memory devices 1840-0, 1840-1, . . . , 1840-8, has 12 input ports and 12 output ports. Each switch module 1860-x, 0≦x<9, has twelve input switch units connect to the input ports of a respective shared-memory device 1840-x and four egress switch units 1818 each connecting to one of the output ports. Each of the remaining output ports, 1828, is an “inner output port” which connects through an internal channel 1850 to input switch units of other switch modules 1860. The input switch units include four ingress switch units 1816 and eight internal input switch units 1826. Preferably, each ingress switch unit 1816 is paired with an egress switch unit 1818 to share memory and control. Each ingress switch unit 1816 receives data from subtending data sources, or from an external node, through an ingress channel 1808. Each inner input switch unit 1826 receives data from an inner output port 1828 of another switch module 1860-y, 0≦x<9, y≠x, through an internal channel 1850. Each egress switch unit 1818 transmits data to subtending data sinks, or to an external node, through an egress channel 1809. In the exemplary switching node 1800, the internal channels 1850 of each switch module 1860 connect to inner switch units 1826 of eight other switch modules 1860 thus forming a spatial mesh of nine switch modules 1860.

Each switch module 1860 may be operated as a contention-free shared switching device. A switch module 1860 is preferably devised to provide contention-free switching of data blocks, where each data block comprises a number of finer data segments, and contention-based switching of individual data segments. The dimension of a switch module 1860 is the number switch units; 12 in the example of FIG. 18.

A switch module 1860 may provide contention-free switching to all its output ports or to a subset of output ports. The main purpose of employing contention-free switching of data blocks is to simplify the connection set-up through the switching node 1800. If the switch modules 1860 are configured as contention-based structures, a time-slot-matching process would be needed to set-up a connection. Using contention-free switch modules reduces the connection set-up process to a simple process of tracking the total vacancy of internal channels 1824. If a switch module 1860 provides contention-free switching to each of its output ports (egress ports and inner output ports), all the data segments of a data block formed at an ingress switch unit 1816 have to be directed to a single destination egress switch unit. This restriction may result in some delay in forming data blocks and may force formation of data blocks that include null data segments. A preferred alternative, in accordance with the present invention, is to provide contention-free switching of data blocks from the input ports to the inner output ports and contention-based switching of data segments from the input ports to the egress ports of each switch module 1860. Data blocks formed at an ingress switch unit 1816 may contain finer data segments directed to many egress ports of a destination switch module 1860. After a data block comprising finer data segments destined to egress ports of a destination switch module 1860 has been switched to an inner switch unit 1826 of the destination switch module, the data segments may be individually switched according to a contention-based process to respective egress switch units 1826.

A path from an ingress port of a switch module 1860 to an egress port of the same switch module traverses one shared memory 1840. A path from an ingress port of a first switch module 1860 to an egress port of a second switch module 1860 may traverse only the first switch module and the second switch module. However, with spatial traffic imbalance, the path may traverse an intermediate switch module 1860. Therefore, in order to accommodate severe traffic imbalance, the number of inner input switch units 1826 is preferably selected to be approximately twice the number of ingress switch units. Thus, using switch modules 1860 of 160 input switch units each, and dividing the input switch units into 60 ingress switch units and 100 inner switch units 1826, 101 switch modules 1860 may be interconnected in a full mesh structure yielding a total number of ingress switch units of 60×101. With each ingress channel 1808 having a capacity of 10 Gb/s (10 Gigabits per second), the total capacity of the mesh structure exceeds 60 Tb/s (60 terabits per second).

FIG. 19 illustrates data handling at input of each switch module 1860 in switch 1800.

Each ingress switch unit 1816 of a switch module 1860 receives data packets of arbitrary sizes and organizes the data into data segments (data units) of a predetermined size. The data segments are placed in logical queues each corresponding to an output port of the switch module 1860. The logical queues include queues 1902 corresponding to egress ports (queues 1902-0 to 1902-3) and logical queues 1904 corresponding to inner output ports (queues 1904-0 to 1904-7). Data segments placed in queues 1902 are switched as such to respective egress ports. Data segments placed in queues 1904 are aggregated into data blocks for contention-free switching to respective output ports of the switch module.

Each internal input switch unit 1826 receives data blocks each data block comprising a number of data segments which may be destined to different output ports. Each data block is disassembled into its constituent data segments and the resulting data segments are placed in logical queues each corresponding to an output port of the switch module 1860. The logical queues include queues 1906 corresponding to egress ports (queues 1906-0 to 1906-3) and logical queues 1908 corresponding to inner output ports (queues 1908-0 to 1908-7). Data segments placed in queues 1906 are switched as such to respective egress ports. Data segments placed in queues 1904 are aggregated into data blocks for contention-free switching to respective output ports of the switch module.

FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary occupancy-tracking matrix 2000 used by a controller of each switch module 1860 to determine the acceptance or otherwise of a connection request, and reserve a path for an accepted connection. Each entry 2002 of a matrix 2000 of a switch module 1860 indicates the vacancy (available capacity) along each internal channel 1850 in the direction from an inner output port of the switch module to an inner switch unit 1816 of another switch module 1860. A connection request may originate from a source connecting to an ingress switch unit 1816 of a given switch module 1860 or may be forwarded from an inner output port of another switch module 1860 of switch 1800. In the former case, a controller of the given switch module 1860 determines whether the connection specifies an egress switch unit 1818 of the same switch modules or an egress switch unit of another switch module 1860. A connection to an egress switch unit within the same switch module 1860 is established according to a conventional unit 1818 of another switch module 1860 may be routed directly through an internal channel 1850 or may traverse an intermediate switch module 1860. The controller of the given switch module 1860 determines a candidate route and a controller of each switch module 1860 traversed by the candidate route employs a matrix 2000.

A controller of a switch module may store an occupancy-tracking matrix 2000 in an occupancy-state memory for tracking the occupancy of inter-module channels to facilitate admission and routing of connections. The occupancy of a channel may be determined on the basis of admission and release of connections. The controller of a switch module includes a scheduler, and a process of capacity reservation may be based on distributed control.

FIG. 21 illustrates a switch module 2100 configured for use in a mesh structure as will be described with reference to FIGS. 23 and 24. Switch module 2100 comprises a rotating-access shared memory 2140, a plurality of nonblocking input switch units 2116, and a plurality of demultiplexers 2114. An input switch unit 2116 receives data from subtending data sources, or from an external node, through an ingress channel 2108. Each input switch unit 2116 includes three memory devices 2115 each connecting to an input channel and a temporal input multiplexer 2112. The input channels include an ingress channel 2108 and two other channels 2155 and 2157 from other switch modules in a mesh structure. The rotating-access shared memory 2140 comprises an input rotator 2137, a bank of memory devices 2138, and an output rotator 2139. The input rotator 2137 and the output rotator 2139 rotate in opposite directions as indicated. Input rotator 2137 has a number of input ports each connecting to a link 2141 from an input switch unit 2116 and an equal number of output ports each connecting to a memory device 2138. Output rotator 2139 has a number of input ports each connecting to a memory device 2138 and a number of output ports each connected to a link 2143 connecting to a demultiplexer 2114. The outputs of the demultiplexer 2114 include egress channel 2109 and two output channels 2154 and 2156 directed to other switch modules in a mesh structure. An input switch unit 2116 is associated with a respective demultiplexer 2114.

The switch module 2100 may be operated as a contention-free switching device, or a combined contention-free and contention-based switching device as will be described with reference to FIGS. 23-26.

FIG. 22 illustrates a switch module 2200 configured for use in a mesh structure. Switch module 2200 comprises a rotating-access shared memory 2240, a plurality of nonblocking switch units 2220, and a plurality of output units 2217. A switch unit 2220 receives data from subtending data sources, or from an external node, through an ingress channel 2208. The inputs to a switch unit 2220 include a link 2243 from output rotator 2239, an ingress channel 2208, two channels 2155 and 2157 from other switch modules in a mesh structure. The outputs of a switch unit 2220 include a link 2241 to input rotator 2237, an egress channel 2209, and two channels 2254 and 2256 directed to other switch modules 2200 in a mesh structure.

The rotating-access shared memory 2240 comprises an input rotator 2237, a bank of memory devices 2238, and an output rotator 2239. The input rotator 2237 and the output rotator 2239 rotate in opposite directions as indicated. Input rotator 2237 has a number of input ports each connecting to a link 2241 from a switch unit 2220 and an equal number of output ports each connecting to a memory device 2238. Output rotator 2239 has a number of input ports each connecting to a memory device 2238 and a number of output ports each connected to a link 2243 directed to a switch unit 2220.

The switch module 2100 or 2200 may be operated as a contention-free switching device, or a combined contention-free and contention-based switching device. A switch module may also be configured to comprise input switch units 2116 with associated demultiplexers 2114, and switch units 2220.

FIG. 23 illustrates a spatial mesh structure 2300 of contention-free switch modules 2360. Switch module 2360 comprises a number of switch units 2320. Each switch unit 2320 interfaces with an outer dual channel 2308/2309 that connects to data sources and sinks, two dual channels that connect to a switch unit of another switch module 2360 to form a spatial mesh, and a number of inner dual channels (not illustrated) that connect to a number of dual rotators to form a temporal mesh. The outer channel and the inner channels have time-multiplexed access to a memory device in each switch unit 2320. As in switch 1600 of FIG. 16, a consolidation unit 2326 at ingress may be used to form large data blocks, each comprising a number of data segments, to be switched without contention within any switch module 2360. Consolidation units 2328 each preceding an inner input port of a switch module 2360 may also be used to disassemble and reassemble data blocks according to their egress-port destinations. Data consolidation performed in the consolidation units in switch 2300 may take place within the switch units 2320 without the need for separate consolidation units.

FIG. 24 illustrates a switch configured as a temporal-spatial mesh structure 2400 similar to that of FIG. 23 but with two channels from each switch unit 2320 in a switch module 2360 connecting to different switch units 2320 in another switch module 2360. A consolidation unit may be provided at the inner input ports of a switch unit 2320 in order disassemble data blocks into their constituent data segments and reassemble the data segments into data blocks according to their destinations. The consolidation function may also be performed within switch units 2320.

FIG. 25 illustrates an alternate structure 2500 of the mesh structure of FIG. 24 where each switch unit 2320 of a switch module 2360 has two dual channels 2154, 2156 to switch units 2320 of different switch modules 2360. A consolidation unit may precede each ingress port to consolidate data segments it receives from external sources into data blocks to be switched without contention. A consolidation unit may also precede an inner input port of a switch unit 2320 to disassemble and reassemble data blocks according to constituent data-segments destinations.

In the mesh structures of FIGS. 23 and 24, the number of switch modules equals the number of switch units per switch module plus one. More switch modules can be added to such a structure to a maximum of one plus double the number of switch units per switch module. FIG. 26 illustrates a structure 2600 using the upper limit of the number of switch modules. Consolidation units may be used at each ingress port of a switch unit 2320 and consolidation units may also be used at each inner input port of a switch unit 2320. In general, each switch unit of a switch module may have a number κ≧1 of dual channels to switch units of κ different switch modules thus permitting up to (m×κ+1) switch modules to be connected in a full spatial mesh, where m is the number of switch units per switch module.

Switching Method

The operation of switches 1600, 1800, 2300, and 2400 is based on a method, according to the present invention, of assembling data segments (data units) into large data blocks to enable contention-free switching in one stage of switching, then disassembling switched data blocks into constituent data segments and forming new data blocks for contention-free switching in a subsequent stage of switching. In a switch having a plurality of switch modules, the method comprises steps of receiving data segments from external sources, assembling the data segments into primary data blocks, according to a first criterion, switching the primary data blocks through a first switch module, disassembling switched primary data blocks into primary constituent data segments, reassembling the primary constituent data segments from different primary data blocks into secondary data blocks according to a second criterion, and switching the secondary data blocks through a second switch module. A switched path may traverse a single switch module, two switch modules, or three switch modules. With two switch modules traversed, secondary data blocks are disassembled at each egress port of the second switch module into constituent data segments for transmission to an external node or to local data sinks With three switch modules traversed, switched secondary data blocks are disassembled at each input port of a third switch module into secondary constituent data segments and ternary data blocks are formed from secondary constituent data segments of different secondary data blocks according to a third criterion. The ternary data blocks are switched through a third switch module and disassembled at each output port of the third switch module into ternary constituent data segments for transmission to an external node or local data sinks. The method may be adapted to different switch structures, and is also used in switches 2700, 2800, 3000, 4400, and 4500 of FIGS. 27, 28, 30, 44, and 45, respectively.

Consolidation units for forming data blocks are illustrated explicitly in FIGS. 16, 23, and 24. However, the formation of data blocks may conveniently be integrated within the switch units of the respective switches. Exemplary arrangements for performing this function within switch units are illustrated in FIGS. 17 and 19.

Lattice Structure of Contention-Free Switch Modules

FIG. 27 illustrates a switch configuration 2700 according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units 2720 and a plurality of inner memory devices 2740. Each switch unit 2720 comprises a memory device, hereinafter called an outer memory device, and a switch-unit controller (not illustrated in FIG. 27). The switch units 2720 are logically arranged into a first set of non-intersecting combinations 2725 each combination 2725 containing four switch units 2720. The switch units 2720 are also logically arranged into a second set of non-intersecting combinations 2726 each combination 2726 containing five switch units 2720. Each switch unit 2720 is a member of a combination 2725 and a combination 2726. Thus, any combination 2725 intersects each combination 2726, and vice versa, i.e., any two combinations of different sets have one switch unit 2720 in common. The inner memory devices 2740 are arranged into two groups 2745A and 2745B. A switch unit 2720 includes a memory device, herein called “outer memory device” for holding data received from data sources, or from an external node, to be either sent directly to data sinks accessing the same switch unit (an internal path) or transferred to an inner memory device 2740. A switch unit 2720 also holds data read out from an inner memory device 2740 either for transfer to a data sink accessing the switch unit, or for transfer to another inner memory device 2740 that has a path to a destination switch unit.

To simplify control, each switch unit 2720 is identified by a position number in each of the two combinations 2725, 2726 to which it belongs and is labeled as a concatenation of the two position numbers. The position numbers used in FIG. 27 and subsequent figures are expressed as binary numbers. The five combinations 2725 are indexed as 000, 001, 010, 011, and 100. The four combinations 2726 are indexed as 00, 01, 10, and 11. A switch unit 2720 is identified according to the indices of combination 2725 and 2726 to which the switch unit belongs. Switch units 2720 belonging to a combination 2726 of index 00, for example, connect to an inner memory device 2740 of index A.00 in group 2745A, where “A” denotes all the five indices of combinations 2725. Likewise, switch units 2720 belonging to a combination 2725 of index 000, for example, connect to an inner memory device 2740 of index 000.B in group 2745B, where “B” denotes all the four indices of combinations 2726.

The number of inner memory devices 2740 and their widths are determined according to the combinations of the switch units 2720 each supports. In switch configuration 2700 of FIG. 27, there are 20 switch units 2720 arranged into a first set of four combinations each having five switch units and a second set of five combinations of four switch units each. Each combination of the first set of combinations has dual channels 2723/2724 from/to a temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730A which cyclically connects the switch units of the combination to one of the inner memory devices 2740 in the first group 2745A of inner memory devices through a dual link 2748. Likewise, each combination of the second set of combinations has dual channels 2733/2734 from/to a temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730B to cyclically connect the switch units of the combination to one of the inner memory devices 2740 in the second group 2745B of inner memory devices through a dual link 2748.

Thus, combinations 2725-0, 2725-1, 2725-2, 2725-3, and 2735-4 connect to inner memory devices 000.B, 001.B, 010.B, 011.B, and 100.B, respectively, through multiplexer-demultiplexers 2730B. Combination 2726-0 connects to inner memory device A.00, and similarly each of the remaining three combinations 2726 connects to a respective inner memory device A.01, A.10, or A.11, through a multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730A.

Each switch unit 2720 is coupled to a switch-unit controller, herein called an “outer controller” and each combination of switch units 2720 is associated with a combination controller. Thus, in the configuration of FIG. 27, there are 20 outer controllers and 9 combination controllers. The outer controllers of each combination are coupled to the respective combination controller as will be described with reference to FIGS. 37 and 38.

FIG. 28 illustrates a switch configuration 2800 similar to switch configuration 2700 of FIG. 27 but comprising three groups 2845 of inner memory devices 2840, individually identified as 2845A, 2845B, and 2845D, a plurality of switch units 2820 arranged according to three sets of combinations, 2825, 2826, and 2827, and temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer units 2830. Each temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer cyclically connects a combination of switch units to one of the inner memory devices 2840 in a group 2845 through a dual link 2848. Each combination 2825, 2826, or 2827 comprises five switch units 2820 which connect to a respective inner memory device 2840 in one of the three groups 2845. All the switch units 2820 of switch 2800 are fully interconnected through groups 2845A and 2845B of inner-memory devices. A connection from an originating switch unit 2820-x to a destination switch unit 2820-y is contention-free if the two switch units 2820-x and 2820-y belong to the same combination. If the two switch units 2820-x and 2820-y belong to different combinations, the connection traverses an intermediate switch unit 2820-w. The additional combination set 2827 and the additional group 2845D of inner memory devices may be provided to increase the proportion of connections which may be established without traversing intermediate switch units.

As in configuration 2700 of FIG. 27, each switch unit 2820 is fully identified by a position number in each of the two combinations 2825, 2826 to which it belongs and is labeled as a concatenation of the two position numbers. As described above, the additional combination set is optional and is not required for identifying a switch unit 2820. The position numbers used in FIG. 28 are expressed as binary numbers. The five combinations 2825 are indexed as 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, and the five combinations 2726 are similarly indexed as 000, 001, 010, 011, 100. A switch unit 2820 is identified according to the indices of combination 2825 and 2826 to which the switch unit belongs. Switch units 2820 belonging to a combination 2826 of index 010, for example, connect to an inner memory device 2845A of index A.010, where “A” denotes all the five indices of combinations 2825. Likewise, switch units 2820 belonging to a combination 2825 of index 010, for example, connect to an inner memory device 2845B of index 010.B, where “B” denotes all the five indices of combinations 2826.

A “diagonal” combination of switch units is defined herein as a collection of switch units 2820 of indices determined as a dot product of a vector “A” of consecutive indices of combinations 2825 and a base vector {000, 001, 010, 011, 100}. For example, consecutive indices {010, 011, 100, 000, 001}, yield a diagonal combination {010.000, 011.001, 100.010, 000.011, 001.100}. A diagonal combination connects to an inner memory device identified as D.A.000. As illustrated in FIG. 28, the third group 2845D includes four inner memory devices 2840 identified as D.000.000 to D.100.000. A diagonal combination may also be defines as a collection of switch units 2820 of indices determined as a dot product of a vector “B” of consecutive indices of combinations 2826 and base vector {000, 001, 010, 011, 100}. In general, a diagonal combination includes one switch unit 2820 from each combination of the first-group of combinations where the switch units of the diagonal combination belong to different combinations of the second group of combinations.

Each temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer unit 2830 cyclically connects a combination of switch units 2820 to a respective inner memory device 2840 where each combination in any of the three sets of combinations 2825, 2826, 2827 intersects each combination of the other two sets. Creating the third set of combinations reduces the mean number of switch units 2820 traversed per connection.

FIG. 29 illustrates the additional connectivity in switch 2800 of FIG. 28, over the connectivity of switch 2700 FIG. 27. In switch 2800, each added combination comprises a diagonal combination of switch units 2820. A first diagonal combination comprises switch units 2820 of indices {000.000, 001.001, 010.010, 011.011, 100.100} which connect to a respective inner memory device 2840 in group 2845D through temporal multiplexer 2930-0. A second diagonal combination comprises switch units {000.001, 001.010, 010.011, 011.100, 100.000} which connect to a respective inner memory device 2840 in group 2845D through temporal multiplexer 2930-1.

An inner memory device 2740 or 2840 may be a conventional shared memory device or, preferably, a rotating-access shared memory device as described with reference to FIG. 4.

FIG. 30 illustrates a switch 3000 comprising switch units 3020 and inner memory devices 3040 arranged in three groups 3045A, 3045B, and 3045C. An inner memory device 3040 may be configured as a rotating-access shared memory device. The switch units 3020 are arranged into three sets of combinations (not illustrated), herein referenced as a first, second, and third set. Switch units of each combination connect to a respective inner memory device 3040 in a respective group 3045A, 3045B, or 3045C. Switch units 3020 of a combination of the first set connect to an inner memory device 3040 of group 3045A. Switch units 3020 of a combination of the second set connect to an inner memory device 3040 of group 3045B. Switch units 3020 of a combination of the third set connect to an inner memory device 3040 of group 3045C.

The structure of switch 3000 is distinctly different from the structure of switch 2800. In switch 2800, each combination in any of the three groups of combinations intersects each combination of the other two groups. In switch 3000 each combination in any of the three groups of combinations intersects only one combination of the other two groups. Switch 3000 may comprise a significantly higher number of switch units. It is noted, however, that switch 2800 provides shorter paths, in terms of the number of memory devices traversed, in comparison with switch 3000.

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary arrangement of switch units 3020 in a switch configuration where each combination of the first set includes five switch units 3020, each combination of the second set includes three switch units 300 and each combination of the third set includes four switch units 3020. The total number of switch units 3020 in the exemplary arrangement is then 60.

Each switch module 3020 belongs to three combinations of different sets and is identified by a position number in each of the three combinations and is labeled as a concatenation of the three position numbers. The position numbers used in FIG. 31 and subsequent figures are expressed as binary numbers. Thus, each inner memory is identified as a tuple indicating its logical position in the arrangement.

The first group of inner memory devices 3040 comprises 12 inner memory devices each connecting to five switch units 3020 and identified as A.b.c, where b is an index of a second-set combination (00, 01, 10, or 11), and c is an index of a third-set combination (00, 01, or 10). The index A represent an index of a first-set combination and takes values of 000, 001, 010, 011, or 100.

The second group of inner memory devices 3040 comprises 15 inner memory devices each connecting to four switch units 3020 and identified as a.B.c, where a is an index of a first-set combination (000, 001, 010, 011, or 100), and c is an index of a third-set combination (00, 01, or 10). The index B is an index of a second-set combination and takes values of 000, 001, 010, 011, or 100.

The third group of inner memory devices comprises 20 inner memory devices 3020 each connecting to three switch units 3020 and identified as A.b.c, where b is an index of a second-set combination (00, 01, 10, or 11), and c is an index of a third-set combination (00, 01, or 10). The index A represent an index of a first-set combination and takes values of 000, 001, 010, 011, or 100.

FIG. 32 illustrates a labeling scheme of the switch units 3020 that reflects the connectivity of each switch unit to three of the inner memory devices. The switch units are arranged into combinations 3225. Each label comprises three fields; a first field indicates an index of the switch unit in a first-set combination, the second field indicates an index of the switch unit in a second-set combination, and a third field indicates an index of the switch unit in a third-set combination. For example, a switch unit 3020 labeled 010.11.01 connects to inner memory devices 3040 labeled A.11.01, 010.B.01, and 010.11.C, which are identified as 3040A, 3040B, and 3040C in FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 illustrates three combinations of switch units 3020 having a switch unit 011.01.01. As illustrated in FIG. 32, the switch units 3020 are arranged into combinations each of five switch units 3020 (such as switch units 3020 of indices 000.00.00 to 100.00.00 and 000.11.10 to 100.11.10), combinations each of four switch units 3020 (such as switch units 3020 of indices 000.00.00 to 000.11.00 to 000.11.00 and 000.00.10 to 000.11.10), and combinations each of three outer memory devices (such as 000.00.00, 000.00.01, 000.00.10 and 000.11.00, 000.11.01, 000.11.10). All indices are in binary-number representation. Combinations of size five are considered to belong to a first group of combinations, combinations of size four are considered to belong to a second group of combinations, and combinations of size three are considered to belong to a third group of combinations.

FIG. 34 illustrates the inner memory devices corresponding to the three combinations of FIG. 33. Inner memory device A.01.01 connects to switch units 000.01.01, 001.01.01, 010.01.01, 011.01.01, and 100.01.01. Inner memory device 011.B.01 connects to switch units 011.00.01, 011.01.01, 011.10.01, and 011.11.01. Inner memory device 011.01.0 connects to switch units 011.01.00, 011.01.01, and 011.01.10.

To shorten the mean path length (the mean number of switch units 3020 traversed within switch 3000, a fourth group 3045D of inner memory devices 3040 may be formed, and a fourth set of combinations of switch units 3020 would be formed. FIG. 35 illustrates the connectivity of the fourth set of diagonal combinations 3045D in the switch of FIG. 30 to the added group of inner memory devices. Each added combination comprises a diagonal combination of switch units 3020. A diagonal combination includes one switch unit 3020 from each combination of the first-group of combinations where the switch units of the diagonal combination belong to different combinations of the second group of combinations and belong to different combinations of the third group of combinations. As indicated, a first diagonal combination comprises switch units 3020-0 a, 3020-0 b, and 3020-0 c which connect through a temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 3030-0 to a first inner memory device in group 3045D. A second diagonal combination comprises switch units 3020-1 a, 3020-1 b, and 3020-1 c connecting through temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 3030-1 to another inner-memory device 3040 in group 3045D.

Data Format

FIG. 36 illustrates a format 3600 of data blocks formed at the switch units in the switches of FIGS. 28 and 30. A data-block header 3624 includes information regarding the length of the data block. The data block header is followed by data segments each having a header 3614 and a payload 3612.

Control System

FIG. 37 illustrates an exemplary combination of switch units in any of switches 2700, 2800, 3000, having five switch units 3720, individually identified as 3720 a, 3720 b, 3720 c, 3720 d, and 3720 e. A switch-unit controller 3780 is associated with each switch unit 3720. Switch-unit controllers 3780 a, 3780 b, 3780 c, 3780 d, and 3780 e, associated with switch units 3720 a, 3720 b, 3720 c, 3720 d, and 3720 e respectively, are coupled to a combination controller 3790. The connectivity of a switch-unit controller to a switch unit 3720 is further illustrated in FIG. 41.

FIG. 38 illustrates switch-unit controllers 3880 and combination controllers 3890 associated with two combinations in switch 2700 of FIG. 27. One of the combinations has controllers 3880 associated with switch units 2720 indexed as 000.01, 001.01, 010.01, 011.01, and 100.01, which connect to inner memory device 2740 indexed as A.01 through a temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730A. The other combination has controllers 3880 associated with switch units 2720 labeled 000.00, 000.01, 000.10, and 000.11, which connect to inner memory device 2740 indexed as 000.B through a temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 2730B. The two combinations have a common switch unit 2720 indexed as 000.01.

FIG. 39 illustrates switch-unit controllers 3980 and combination controllers 3990 associated with three combinations in switch 3000 of FIG. 30. The first combination includes switch-unit controllers 3980 associated with switch units 3020 indexed as 000.01.01, 001.01.01, 010.01.01, 011.01.01, and 100.01.01. The second combination includes switch-unit controllers 3980 associated with switch units 3020 indexed as 011.00.01, 011.01.01, 011.10.01, and 011.11.01. The third combination includes switch-unit controllers 3980 associated with switch units 3020 indexed as 11.01.00, 011.01.01, and 011.01.10. The three combinations have a common switch unit of index 011.01.01.

Control Message

Allocating a path and forwarding a data block within a switch 2700, 2800, or 3000 require exchanging control messages between the switch-unit controllers and the combination controllers of the control system described with reference to FIGS. 38 and 39. FIG. 40 illustrates two message types 4002 and 4004. Message 4002 may be used for setting a path from a source switch unit 3720, 3820, 3020 to a destination switch unit in a switch 2700, 2800, or 3000 illustrated in FIGS. 27, 28, and 30. Message 4004 may be used for forwarding data blocks within any of the switches of FIG. 27, 28, or 30.

A message 4002 includes: a field 4011 containing an indication of the message type; a field 4012 containing a cyclical message number; a field 4013 containing an indication of message direction, i.e., a request message from a source switch unit versus a response message directed towards the source switch unit; field 4014 contains an indication of a required flow-rate allocation for an internal path; field 4015 contains an indication of the success, or otherwise, of path reservation process; field 4016 contains a counter of the number of switch-unit controllers traversed; field 4017 contains an identifier of the source switch unit; and field 4018 contains an identifier of the egress port (hence the destination switch unit).

A message 4004 includes: a field 4021 containing a message identifier; a field 4022 containing an identifier of the ingress port; a field 4023 containing a cyclical message number; a field 4024 containing an indication of the remaining number of hops, i.e., the remaining number of switch units to be traversed by a data block; and fields 4025-0, 4025-1, . . . , 4025-(k−1), where k is the total number of hops. Each field 4025 contains identifiers of a switch unit, the identifiers being a combination-group number and an index (position) assigned to a switch unit within a combination.

Path Selection

When a switch-unit controller receives a request to set-up a path, the switch-unit controller selects a combination set from which to start the search for a path having sufficient vacancy to accommodate the requested flow-rate allocation. The cyclical message number of field 4012 may be used to determine whether a connection request relates to establishing a new connection or to changing the allocated flow rate of an existing connection. Referring to FIG. 30 for example, where each switch unit 3020 belongs to three combinations of different sets, if the path search is for a new connection, the search may start from any of the three combinations. A path may traverse one, two, or three inner-memory devices 3040 depending on the relative positions of the source and destination switch units. For a path traversing three inner-memory devices, one from each group 3045A, 3045B, and 3045C, the order of group-selection is arbitrary; for example ABC or ACB. However, to simplify ‘book keeping’ without sacrificing efficiency, the path preferably follows one circular direction; for example ABC, BCA, or CAB. This way, a switch unit 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045A either completes a path or forwards a message to a switch unit 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045B and, likewise, a switch unit 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045B would forward a message to a switch module 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045C and a switch unit 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045C would forward a message to a switch module 3020 connecting to an inner-memory device 3040 of group 3045A.

Switch-Unit Structure

Switch units 2820, and 3020 have similar structures, each connecting to three inner memory devices (2840 or 3040). Switch unit 2720 connects to two inner memory devices 2740. FIG. 41 illustrates a switch unit 3020 in switch 3000 of FIG. 30. The switch unit 3020 comprises a memory device 4121, an outer controller 4180, input interfaces 4106-A, 4106-B, 4106-C, and 4106-S and output interfaces 4108-A, 4108-B, 4108-C, and 4108-S. Input-interface 4106-S receives data from local data sources or from an external node and output interface 4108-S transmits data to local data sinks or to an external node. Input interfaces 4106-A, 4106-B, and 4106-C receive data read from inner-memory devices 3040 belonging to groups 3045A, 3045B, and 3045C, respectively. Likewise, output interfaces 4108-A, 4108-B, and 4108-C transmit data to be written in inner-memory devices 3040 of groups 3045A, 3045B, and 3045C, respectively. An inner memory device 3040 may be a conventional shared wide memory (FIGS. 1 and 2), a contention-free rotating-access module (FIG. 5) or a contention-free circulating module (FIG. 8). A temporal multiplexer 4107 time multiplexes data received from the four interfaces for sequential writing in the memory device 4121. A temporal demultiplexer 4109 cyclically distributes data read from memory device 4121 to the four output interfaces.

Connection Routing

FIG. 42 illustrates a table 4200 which may be used by a combination controller 3890 to track the occupancy of inner dual channels of switch units 2720 of the combination. Table 4200 includes entries 4220 each of which indicating a unique index of a switch unit within the combination. An entry 4222 indicates a current vacancy (or occupancy) of an inner channel from a switch unit and an entry 4224 indicates a current vacancy (or occupancy) of an inner channel to the switch unit. The number of rows in table 4200 equals the number of switch units in a respective combination.

A path may traverse up to three inner memory devices and may be concisely represented as a sequence of identifiers of the inner memory devices 3040 it traverses. Several paths may be considered for a connection from a source switch unit to a destination switch unit. Consider a connection from a switch unit 3020 of indices 000.00.00 to a switch unit 3020 of indices 100.11.10, for example. Switch unit 3020/000.00.00 connects to inner memory devices 3040(A.00.00), 3040(000.B.00), and 3040(000.00.C). Using the above path representation, paths for the connection include:

{A.00.00/100.B.00/100.11.C}, {A.00.00/100.00.C/100.B.10},

{000.B.00/A.11.00/100.11.C}, {000.B.00/000.11.C/A.11.10},

{000.00.C/000.B.10/A.11.10}, and {000.00.C/A.00.10/100.B.10}.

Using the first path, {A.00.00/100.B.00/100.11.C}, switch unit 3020(000.00.00) transfers a data block to switch unit 3020(100.00.00). Switch unit 3020(100,00.00) disassembles the data block into its data segments, forms a new data block comprising data segments from different originating switch units 3020, and transfers the new data block to switch unit 3020(100.11.00) through inner-memory device 3040(100.B.00). Switch unit 3020(100,11.00) disassembles the data block into its data segments, forms another data block comprising data segments from different originating switch units 3020, and transfers the formed data block to switch unit 3020(100.11.10) through inner-memory device 3040(100.11.C).

Reserving the above first path for a connection of a specific flow-rate requires only examining the vacancy (i.e., unreserved capacity) in a channel connecting inner-memory devices 3040(A.00.00) to switch unit 3020(100.00.00), a channel connecting inner-memory devices 3040(100.B.00) to switch unit 3020(100.11.00), and a channel connecting inner-memory devices 3040(100.11.C) to destination switch unit 3020(100.11.10),

Data-Block Formation

FIG. 43 illustrates logical organization of memory device 4121 (FIG. 41) of a switch unit 3020 of switch 3000 of FIG. 30. As described above, a switch unit 3020 is identified by three indices each indicating the position of the switch unit in a combination. The memory device 4121 is logically organized into a first group of five queues 4312-0, 4312-1, 4312-2, 4312-3, and 4312-4 each for holding data segments destined to switch units 3020 of the same first index, a second group of four queues 4314-0, 4314-1, 4314-2, and 4314-3, each for holding data directed to switch units 3020 having indices of the same second index, and a third group of three queues 4316-0, 4316-1, and 4316-2 each for holding data segments directed to switch units 3020 of the same third index. For example, queue 4312-2 holds data segments directed to any of the 12 switch units 3020 of the third column in FIG. 32, each having a first index of 010.

A switch unit 3020 may receive data segments from subtending data sources, or from an external node, as well as data blocks from other switch units 3020. A received data block may contain data segments destined to different switch units 3020. The data block is then disassembled and its constituent data segments may be placed in different queues 4312, 4314, and 4316. For each queue 4312, 4314, or 4316 holding Data segments directed to other switch units and held in any of the queues 4312, 4314, or 4316 are assembled into data blocks for contention-free switching, through an inner memory device 3040, to a designated switch unit 3020.

Flow-Rate Control and Path Routing

Two modes of operation may be used. In a first mode, each data packet received at ingress is routed independently. In a second mode, a data flow may be defined from each ingress port to each egress port of a switch 2700, 2800, or 3000. The ingress and egress ports may belong to switch units connecting to a same inner-memory device or to different inner-memory devices. Each data packet received at an ingress port is then associated with a flow. The data packet is then segmented into data segments of equal size, with some data segments null padded if required, to facilitate switching through the switch fabric. Each data flow is then allocated a flow rate which translates into a number of time slots in a time-slotted frame, with each time slot corresponding to the duration of a data segment. In the first mode, data segments may be lost due to buffer overflow in any of the switch stages. In the second mode, data segments may be delayed but not lost. Message 4002 of FIG. 40 is used to facilitate the flow-rate-allocation process implemented at each switch-unit controller in a switch 2700, 2800, or 3000 illustrated in FIGS. 27-30 and message 4004 is used for data forwarding.

Each packet received from an external data source is parsed to determine its size and destination. Each received packet is then associated with a flow defined by an ingress port and an egress port. Each ingress-egress pair is assigned at least one flow which may be allocated a flow-rate of zero. The received packet is segmented into data segments which are placed in a corresponding queue as illustrated in FIG. 42. The switch-unit controller determines whether the flow warrants a change, positive or negative, in flow-rate allocation. The flow-rate change may be determined according to queue occupancy or according to an explicit request from a source.

To forward a data segment from a first switch unit 2720-x to a second switch unit 2720-y, where the two switch units do not connect to a common inner-memory device 2740, switch unit 2720-x selects either a combination 2725 or a combination 2726 to establish a contention-free path to an intermediate switch unit 2740-m which share a common inner memory device with the second switch unit 2720-y. If a combination 2725 is selected, switch-unit 2720-x forms a data block which may include a number of data segments, and a message 4004 is included in a header of the data block. The formed data blocked may include a number of data segments not exceeding the number of switch units connecting to the selected inner memory device 2725. The data blocked maybe disassembled at switch unit 2720-m into its constituent data segments and new data blocks comprising data segments destined to the second switch unit 2720-y may be formed and switched without contention to switch unit 2720-y.

The controller of each combination 2725 or 2726 of switch units tracks the vacancy (or occupancy) of the inner dual channels which connect each switch unit to respective inner memory devices 2740 in group 2745A and group 2745B. As described earlier, the switch units may be interconnected through an exclusive-access shared wide-memory device (FIGS. 1-2), an interleaved-access bank of transit memory devices (FIGS. 4-7), or through a passive dual rotator in an interleaved-access circulating switch module (FIGS. 8-9).

Alternative Lattice Structures of Contention-Free Switch Modules

FIG. 44 illustrates an exemplary switch 4400 according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units 4420, a first group 4445A of rotating-access memory devices 4440A each connecting to a combination of switch units 4420, and a second group 4445B of rotating-access memory devices 4440B each connecting to a combination of switch units 4420. Switch 4400 has a similar structure to that of switch 2700 of FIG. 27. The main difference is that an inner memory device 2740 in switch 2700 may be a conventional shared wide memory with exclusive cyclic access (hence the temporal multiplexers/demultiplexers 2730) while an inner memory device 4440 in switch 4400 is based on contention-free interleaved access of a bank of memory devices as in FIGS. 4-7.

Exemplary switch 4400 comprises 20 switch units 4420 arranged into first-set combinations 4425 and second-set combinations 4426 so that each switch unit 4420 is a member of a combination of the first set and a combination of the second set. Each rotating-access memory device 4440A has five dual ports (five input ports and five output ports) and each rotating-access memory device 4440B has four dual ports. Each first-set combination 4425 includes four switch units 4420 which connect to input ports of a rotating-access memory device 4440B. Each second-set combination 4426 includes five switch units 4420 which connect to input ports of a rotating-access memory device 4440A.

FIG. 45 illustrates an exemplary switch 4500 according to the present invention comprising a plurality of switch units 4520, a first group 4545A of dual rotators 4535A each dual rotator connecting to a combination 4525 or 4526 of switch units 4520, and a second group 4545B of dual rotators 4535B each connecting to a combination of switch units 4520. A dual rotator comprises two rotators; an ascending rotator and a descending rotator rotating in opposite directions as described with reference to FIG. 3 and FIG. 11. The two rotators have the same number of dual ports; a dual port being an input port and an output port. Each switch unit 4520 has a dual channel 4508/4509 to external sources (to be illustrated in FIG. 49). Each switch unit 4520 has a dual channel 4523/4524 from/to an ascending rotator of a dual rotator 4535A, a dual channel 4533/4534 from/to a descending rotator of the dual rotator 4535A, a dual channel 4543/4544 from/to an ascending rotator of a dual rotator 4535B, and a dual channel 4553/4554 from/to a descending rotator of the dual rotator 4535B.

Exemplary switch 4500 comprises 20 switch units 4520 arranged into first-set combinations 4425 and second-set combinations 4526 so that each switch unit 4520 is a member of a combination of the first set and a combination of the second set. Each dual rotator 4535A has five dual ports (five input ports and five output ports) and each dual rotator 4535B has four dual ports. Each first-set combination 4525 includes four switch units 4520 which connect to input ports of a dual rotator 4535B. Each second-set combination 4526 includes five switch units 4520 which connect to input ports of a dual 4535A.

Thus, the invention provides a switch comprising a set of N>2 switch units arranged in a plurality of combinations each combination comprising at least a number m of switch units. Within each combination, each switch unit cyclically connects to each other switch unit to form a temporal mesh. Each switch unit belongs to G combinations, G being a predefined number. The number m is selected to satisfy the inequality N≦m^(G). Any two combinations of the plurality of combinations have at most one switch unit in common. The switch further comprises an outer controller associated with each of the N switch units and a combination controller associated with each combination of the plurality of combinations. Each switch unit may interface with an access link to an external node or to local data sources and sinks. However, the number of switch units interfacing with external access links may be less than N.

Switch-Unit Connectivity

Switches 2700, 2800, 3000, 4400 and 4500 (FIGS. 27, 28, 30, 44 and 45, respectively) are based on lattice configurations with the switch units organized into intersecting combinations. In switches 2700, 2800, 3000, and 4400, the combinations are interconnected by either conventional shared-memory devices or rotating-access shared memory devices. In switch 4500, the combinations are interconnected through bufferless dual rotators. The connectivity of a switch unit to the connecting medium (shared-memory devices or bufferless dual rotators) differs among the lattice configurations as described below with reference to FIGS. 47-51.

FIG. 46 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit 820 in the switch of FIG. 8. The switch unit 820 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 812 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 814 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 820 connects to an internal input channel 821 from a first rotator of dual rotator 825, an internal channel 822 to the first rotator, an internal channel 823 from a second rotator of dual rotator 825, and an internal channel 824 to the second rotator.

FIG. 47 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit 2720 in the switch of FIG. 27. The switch unit 2720 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 2712 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 2714 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 2720 connects to an internal input channel 2723 from a first temporal demultiplexer, an internal channel 2724 to a first temporal multiplexer, an internal channel 2733 from a second temporal demultiplexer, and an internal channel 2734 to a second temporal multiplexer. The first temporal multiplexer and first temporal demultiplexer are collectively referenced in FIG. 27 as 2730A. The second temporal multiplexer and second temporal demultiplexer are collectively referenced in FIG. 27 as 2730B.

FIG. 47 also illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit 2820 in the switch of FIG. 28 (which is continued in FIG. 29). The switch unit 2820 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 2812 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 2814 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 2820 connects to an internal input channel 2823 from a first temporal demultiplexer, an internal channel 2824 to a first temporal multiplexer, an internal channel 2833 from a second temporal demultiplexer, an internal channel 2834 to a second temporal multiplexer, an internal channel 2933 from a third temporal demultiplexer, an internal channel 2934 to a third temporal multiplexer. The first temporal multiplexer and first temporal demultiplexer are collectively referenced in FIG. 28 as 2830A. The second temporal multiplexer and second temporal demultiplexer are collectively referenced in FIG. 28 as 2830B. The third temporal multiplexer and third temporal demultiplexer are collectively referenced in FIG. 29 as 2930.

Although switch 3000 of FIG. 30 is functionally distinct from switch 2800 of FIG. 2800 as described above with reference to FIG. 30, the connectivity of a switch unit 3020 to inner-memory devices 3040 of groups 3045A, 3045B, and 3045C is similar to the connectivity of switch unit 2820. Notably, if the inner-memory devices in switch 2800 or switch 3000 is a rotating-access memory device, the connectivity configuration of either a switch unit 2820 or 3020 differs slightly, with channels from/to temporal multiplexers demultiplexers becoming channels from/to rotators.

FIG. 48 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit 4420 in the switch of FIG. 44. The switch unit 4420 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 4412 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 4414 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 4420 connects to an internal input channel 4423 from a rotating-access memory device 4440A, an internal channel 4424 to rotating-access memory device 4440A, an internal channel 4433 from a rotating-access memory device 4440B, and an internal channel 4434 to rotating-access memory device 4440B.

FIG. 48 also illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit in switch 3000 of FIG. 30 where the switch units 3020 exchange data through rotating-access memory devices, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The switch unit 3020 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 3012 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 3014 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 3020 connects to an internal input channel 3023 from a first rotating-access memory device 3040A, an internal channel 3024 to the first rotating-access memory device 3040A, an internal channel 3033 from a second rotating-access memory device 3040B, an internal channel 3034 to the second rotating-access memory device 3040B, an internal channel 3043 from a third rotating-access memory device 3040C, an internal channel 3044 to the third rotating-access memory device 3040C.

FIG. 49 illustrates the connectivity of a switch unit 4520 in switch 4500 of FIG. 45. The switch unit 4520 has an access dual port connecting to an ingress channel 4512 from data sources or an external node, and an egress channel 4514 to data sinks or to an external node. The switch unit 4520 connects to two internal input channels 4523 and 4533 from a first dual rotator 4535A, two internal channels 4524 and 4534 to first dual rotator 4535A, two internal channels 4543 and 4553 from a second dual rotator 4535B device 4440B, and two internal channels 4544 and 4554 to second dual rotator 4535B.

Network Based on Scalable Router-Switches

A typical data network comprises edge routers connecting to core routers, possibly through cross-connectors. FIG. 50 illustrates a simpler network 5000, having switch-routers 5050 interconnected through wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) links 5052, where edge routers may be eliminated altogether and data from access devices connect to scalable router-switches 5050 through temporal and spatial multiplexers/demultiplexers 5030/5032. The scalable router-switches 5050 provide multi-granular flow control. A multiplexer 5030 may comprise temporal multiplexers, each for time multiplexing signals received from access devices onto a wavelength channel, and spectral multiplexers, each for spectral multiplexing of wavelength channels received from temporal multiplexers onto a WDM link directed to a router-switch. A demultiplexer 5032 may comprise spectral demultiplexers, each for demultiplexing a WDM link from a router-switch 5050 into individual wavelength channels. A demultiplexer 5032 may also include temporal demultiplexers for time demultiplexing signals received over a wavelength channel from a router switch 5050, either directly or through a spectral demultiplexer, into time-slotted signals directed to different access devices.

FIG. 51 illustrates multiplexed paths from access devices 5102 to a scalable router-switch 5050. The access devices 5102 are arranged into groups 5112 each group comprising a number of access devices 5102. The access devices 5102 may transmit time-slotted signals and, hence, each access device is preferably provided with a time indicator, such as a time counter. Data from access devices 5102 of a group 5112 are transmitted over local channels 5114 and time multiplexed in a temporal multiplexer 5116 into an upstream channel 5122 connecting the temporal multiplexer 5116 to a passive spectral multiplexer 5120. Upstream channels 5122 from several temporal multiplexers 5116 may be multiplexed at spectral multiplexer 5120 into a wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) link 5124 which terminates on a scalable router-switch 5050. In the downstream direction, spectral demultiplexer 5121 de-multiplexes a WDM link 5125 from router-switch 5050, which has optical/electrical (O/E) and electrical/optical (E/O) interfaces, into individual wavelength channels 5123 which are routed to corresponding temporal demultiplexers 5117. Each temporal demultiplexer 5117 cyclically distributes the signal it receives from a channel 5123 to respective access devices 5102. Each access device 5102 detects a baseband signal from the time-slotted optical signal it receives. A spectral multiplexer-demultiplexer 5120/5121 together with its subtending temporal multiplexers-demultiplexers 5116/5117 constitute a multiplexer-demultiplexer 5030/5032 in network 5000. Line 5180 in FIG. 51 separates the illustrated passive access system from the network core.

FIG. 52 illustrates a temporal multiplexer 5116, for multiplexing time-slotted signals received from a group 5112 of access devices 5102 through channels 5114 onto an upstream wavelength channel 5122, and a temporal demultiplexer 5117 for demultiplexing time-slotted signals carried on a downstream wavelength channel 5123 onto channels 5115 each leading to an access device 5102. Temporal multiplexer 5116 has a number of input ports 5226 at least equal to the number of access devices 5102 in group 5112, an output port 5236 connecting to upstream channel 5122, and a control port 5246 connecting to an access-group controller 5250 through optical-electrical converter 5256. Temporal demultiplexer 5117 has an input port 5237 terminating downstream channel 5123, a number of output ports 5227 equal to the number of access devices 5102 in group 5112, and a control port 5247 connecting to access-group controller 5250 through electrical-optical converter 5257. Access-group controller 5250 preferably comprises a time indicator, such as a time counter, in order to exchange time-alignment signals with other network elements when needed.

The propagation delays along channels 5114 from the group 5112 of access devices 5102 may vary significantly; for example from 1 microsecond to 50 microseconds. The transmission of time-slotted signals from the access devices 5102 has to be timed so that the time-slotted signals from the access devices 5102 arrive at the temporal multiplexer 5116 at consecutive time slots. Two methods may be used to set the transmission times from the access devices 5102.

In a first method, each access device 5102 in the group 5112 may time-lock to the temporal multiplexer 5116 by exchanging time indications with access-group controller 5250. In a time-locking process, a first device time locks to a second device by transmitting a time indication, as read from a first time-indicator, to the second device, receiving a corresponding time indication as read from a second time-indicator located with the second device, and re-setting the first time indicator accordingly. Details of a time-locking process are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,117,257 issued on Oct. 3, 2006 and titled “Multi-phase adaptive network configuration”.

An exchange of time-indications between each access device 5102 and access-group controller 5250 may take place over a round-trip path traversing a channel 5114, an input port 5226 of temporal-multiplexer 5116, control port 5246, access-group-controller 5250, control port 5247, output port 5227 of temporal demultiplexer 5117, and a channel 5115.

In a second method, each access device 5102 may time-lock to a port in router-switch 5050 to which channel 5122 originating from temporal multiplexer 5116 connects. The second method is based on the observation that the access devices 5102 of a given group 5112 have different channels 5114 to temporal multiplexer 5116 but their multiplexed time-slotted signals share a common wavelength channel 5122 to spectral multiplexer 5120 and a common wavelength channel in link 5124 to an ingress port of a router-switch 5050. Ensuring that the time-slotted signals arrive in order at the ingress port of the switch-router 5050 implies that the time-slotted signals also arrive in proper order at the input ports 5226 of temporal multiplexer 5116. The ingress and egress ports of router-switch 5050 are paired into integrated dual ports. Thus, a round-trip path is available for exchange of time indications between any access device 5102 in a group 5112 and a respective dual ingress-egress port in router-switch 5050.

An upstream link 5124 from a spectral multiplexer 5120 comprises a number of multiplexed channels 5122, each channel 5122 originating from an access-device group 5112 and carrying time-multiplexed signals from access devices 5102 of the access-device group 5112. A downstream link 5125 comprises spectrally multiplexed channels each originating from an output port of a router-switch 5050 and carrying time-multiplexed signals destined to an access-device group 5112. Spectral demultiplexer 5121 demultiplexes downstream link 5125 into its constituent channels 5123.

At a router-switch 5050, a spectral demultiplexer 5340 (FIG. 53) demultiplexes an upstream link 5124 into channels 5322 each connecting to an ingress port 5350 of the router-switch 5050 through an optical-electrical converter 5342. A spectral multiplexer 5341 multiplexes channels 5323, each originating from a respective egress port 5351 of the router-switch 5050 and carrying time-multiplexed signals directed to an access-device group 5112, onto downstream link 5125. An electrical-optical interface 5343 is provided at egress port 5351. Each channel 5322 (FIG. 53) corresponds to a channel 5122 (FIG. 51) and each channel 5123 corresponds to a channel 5323. A dual-port controller 5355 in communication with the ingress port 5350 and egress port 5351 may have a time indicator, such as a time counter, and time-locking circuitry to facilitate time-locking each of the access devices 5102 sharing a channel 5322 to the dual-port controller 5355. As described above, the access devices 5102 sharing an upstream channel 5114 may time-lock to either a controller 5250 (FIG. 52) of a respective temporal multiplexer-demultiplexer 5116/5117 (FIGS. 51-52) or to a respective port of router-switch 5050. Optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion interface 5342 demodulates the optical signal received from a channel 5322 to produce an electronic signal comprising time-multiplexed data segments originating from an access-device group 5112. Electrical-to-optical (E/O) conversion interface 5343 modules an optical carrier and transmits the modulated carrier on a downstream channel 5323.

FIG. 54 illustrates a set of switch units 5420, each switch unit 5420 having at least one access channel 5410 and multiple dual channels 5430. Access channel 5410 is a dual channel comprising a channel carrying data from external data sources to a switch unit and a channel carrying data from the switch unit to external data sinks Dual channels 5430 connect a switch unit 5420 to a number of other switch units 5420 through passive data-transfer media. A set of m² switch units 5420, m>1, may be arranged in a matrix having a number m of columns and m rows. The number m may vary from a relatively small value, 16 for example, to a value of the order of a thousand. To realize a packet switch of an access capacity of the order of ten petabits-per-second, using access channels of a capacity of 10 Gigabits/second each, the value of m would be of the order of a thousand.

FIG. 55 illustrates a set of switch units 5420, arranged into a matrix of four columns and four rows (m=4). Each switch unit 5420 having one access channel 5410 and six dual channels 5430, individually identified as 5430(1), 5430(2), 5430(3), 5430(4), 5430(5), and 5430(6) to connect the switch unit to six rotators as will be described with reference to FIG. 57.

FIG. 56 illustrates connectivity of a switch unit 5420A to a dual rotator comprising an ascending rotator 5651 and a descending rotator 5652. Each of the two rotators has four dual ports. A dual channel 5430(3) connects the switch unit to a dual port of rotator 5651 and a dual channel 5430(4) connects the switch unit to a dual port of rotator 5652. Each of the two rotators 5651 and 5652 connects to three other switch units 5420. Likewise, dual channels 5430(1) and 5430(2) connect to another dual rotator (not illustrated), and dual channel 5430(5) and 5430(6) connect to another dual rotator (not illustrated).

FIG. 57 illustrates a set of dual rotators 5750 interconnecting the switch units 5420 of FIG. 55. The dual rotators 5750 are individually indexed as 5750(0) to 5750(11), also labelled as R0 to R11. The switch units are individually indexed as 5420(0) to 5420(15). The index of each switch unit 5420 is indicated in FIG. 57. The rotators are arranged into three groups of dual rotators. Each dual rotator comprises an ascending rotator and a descending rotator. Each ascending rotator or descending rotator interconnects a respective set of four switch units 5420. The connectivity of switch units to the dual rotators is devised so that a set of switch units 5420 coupled to any dual rotator is orthogonal to a set of switch units 5420 coupled to any other dual rotator. As illustrated in FIG. 57, the set of switch units 5420 connecting to any dual rotator 5750 has at most one switch unit in common with a set of switch units of any other dual rotator.

Each switch unit 5420 connects to a dual rotator of each of the three groups of dual rotators. Generally, the dual rotators may be arranged into an arbitrary number Λ of groups, Λ>1, and each switch unit 5420 may connect to a same number Λ of dual rotators; one dual rotator from each group. The number Λ is limited by the number of dual channels 5430 of a switch unit 5420 and the number of access channels 5410 may be increased as Λ increases.

For Λ=3, with the switch units being indexed sequentially between 0 and (m²−1) and the dual rotators being indexed sequentially between 0 and ((m×Λ)−1), a switch unit of index S, 0≦S<m², connects to Λ dual rotator of indices:

└S/m┘,(m+S _(modulo m)), and (2×m+(S−└S/m┘)_(modulo m)).

Equivalently, a dual rotator of index R connects to m switch units of indices:

(m×R+j),0≦j<m, for 0≦R<m,

(m×j+R _(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for m≦R<(2×m), and

(m×j+(j+R)_(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for 2×m≦R<3×m.

FIG. 58 illustrates connection of a switch unit 5420(4) to dual rotators 5750(1), 5750(4), and 5750(11).

FIG. 59 illustrates paths from a switch unit 5420(4) to a switch unit 5420(7). The two switch units connect to a same dual rotator 5750(1), also labelled as R1, of the first group of dual rotators. Thus, there is a short path 5900 through the dual rotator 5750(1). Additionally, there are two alternate paths each traversing two rotators 5750 comprising two parts. The first alternate path, identified as 5901A-5901B, traverses dual rotator 5750(4) to an intermediate switch unit 5420(8) then traverses dual rotator 5750(10) to destination switch unit 5420(7). The second alternate path, identified as 5902A-5902B) traverses dual rotator 5750(11) to intermediate switch unit 5820(3) then traverses dual rotator 5750(7) to destination switch unit 5420(7). If the data flow rate from switch unit 5420(4) to 5420(7) exceeds the available capacity of the short path, the two alternate paths may be used.

FIG. 60 illustrates paths from a switch unit 5420(4) to a switch unit 5420(12). The two switch units connect to a same dual rotator 5750(4), also labelled as R4, of the second group of dual rotators. Thus, there is a short path 6000 through the dual rotator 5750(4). Additionally, there are two alternate paths each traversing two rotators 5750. The first alternate path, identified as 6001A-6001B) traverses dual rotator 5750(1) to an intermediate switch unit 5420(6) then traverses dual rotator 5750(9) to destination switch unit 5420(12). The second alternate path, identified as 6002A-6002B, traverses dual rotator 5750(11) to intermediate switch unit 5820(14) then traverses dual rotator 5750(3) to destination switch unit 5420(12).

FIG. 61 illustrates paths from a switch unit 5420(4) to a switch unit 5420(14). The two switch units connect to a same dual rotator 5750(11), also labelled as R11, of the third group of dual rotators. Thus, there is a short path 6100 through the dual rotator 5750(11). Additionally, there are two alternate paths each traversing two rotators 5750. The first alternate path, identified as 6101A-6101B) traverses dual rotator 5750(1) to an intermediate switch unit 5420(6) then traverses dual rotator 5750(6) to destination switch unit 5420(14). The second alternate path, identified as 6102A-6102B, traverses dual rotator 5750(4) to intermediate switch unit 5820(12) then traverses dual rotator 5750(3) to destination switch unit 5420(14).

FIG. 62 illustrates paths from a switch unit 5420(4) to a switch unit 5420(11). Switch unit 5420(4) connects to rotators 5750 of indices 1, 4, and 11 while switch unit 5420(11) connects to rotators 5750 of indices 2, 7, and 9. Thus, there are six alternate paths each consisting of two hops labelled 6231 and 6232.

A first path, identified as 62012A-6201B, traverses dual rotator 5750(1) to intermediate switch unit 5420(6) then traverses dual rotator 5750(9) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

A second path, identified as 6202A-6202B, traverses dual rotator 5750(1) to intermediate switch unit 5420(7) then traverses dual rotator 5750(7) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

A third path, identified as 6203A-6203B, traverses dual rotator 5750(4) to switch unit 5420(8) then traverses dual rotator 5750(2) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

A fourth path, identified as 6204A-6204B, traverses dual rotator 5750(4) to switch unit 5420(12) then traverses dual rotator 5750(9) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

A fifth path, identified as 6205A-6205B, traverses dual rotator 5750(11) to switch unit 5420(3) then traverses dual rotator 5750(7) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

A sixth path, identified as 6206A-6206B, traverses dual rotator 5750(11) to switch unit 5420(9) then traverses dual rotator 5750(2) to the destination switch unit 5420(11).

With the dual rotators arranged into Λ, Λ≧1, dual rotator groups, and with each switch unit 5420 having a dual channel to a dual rotator of each group, in addition to at least one dual channel to external data sources and sinks, the number of dual ports of a switch unit 5420 is at least (2×Λ+1).

FIG. 63 illustrates a switch unit 5420 comprising seven input ports 6320 (for Λ=3), individually identified as input ports 6320(0) to input ports 6320(6) and a switching mechanism 6350 selectively connecting any input port 6320 to any of seven output ports 6370, individually identified as output ports 6370(0) to 6370(6). Input port 6320(0) receives data from external data sources and output port 6370(0) transmits data to external data sinks Input ports 5750(1) and 5750(2) connect to output ports of a dual rotator 5750 of the first group of dual rotators. Output ports 5750(1) and 5750(2) connect to input ports of the same dual rotator. Likewise input ports and output ports of indices 3 and 4 connect to a dual rotator of the second group of dual rotators. Input ports and output ports of indices 5 and 6 connect to a dual rotator of the third group of dual rotators. FIG. 63 illustrates the connectivity of switch unit 5420(4); as indicated in FIG. 58, switch unit 5420(4) connects to dual rotators 5750 of indices 1, 4, and 11.

FIG. 64 illustrates organization of an input buffer 6410 provided at each input port 6320 of switching mechanism 6350. An input port receives data segments and a controller of the input port sorts the data segments so that data segments directed to an output port 6370 are (logically) segregated into a respective input-buffer segment 6412. The port controller collates data segments of an input-buffer segment into data blocks of seven data segments each. A data block may contain data segments destined for different switch units 5420.

FIG. 65 illustrates organization of an output buffer 6510 provided at each output port 6370 of switching mechanism 6350. An output port receives data blocks through the switching mechanism 6350 and a controller of the output port disassembles each data block into constituent data segments. An output port 6370 of switching mechanism 6350 connects to a rotator (ascending or descending) of a respective dual rotator 5750. Each rotator has m output ports connecting to input ports 6320 of m switch units 5420. The controller of the output port collates data segments directed to one of m switch units 5420 connecting to the rotator in a (logical) buffer segment 6512.

FIG. 66 illustrates an implementation of a switch unit 5420. The switching mechanism of the switch unit comprises a temporal multiplexer 6635, a shared memory device 6640, and a temporal demultiplexer 6645. The temporal multiplexer 6635 has seven input ports 6620 constituting the input ports of the switch unit 5420. The demultiplexer 6670 has seven output ports constituting the output ports of the switch unit 5420. Preferably, each input port is integrated with a respective output port to form a dual port of the switch unit 5420. A port controller 6625 may then serve as a controller of an input port 6620 and a respective output port 6670. An input port 6620 may receive payload data and control data. The payload data (the bulk of the data) is directed to temporal multiplexer 6635 while the control data is directed to switch-unit controller 6630 through the multiplexer component of temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer 6628.

The switch-unit controller determines the WRITE address of a data block formed at an input port 6620 in a manner similar to data-block formation illustrated in FIG. 64. The switch-unit controller 6630 also determines the READ address of memory device 6640 of a data block to be delivered to an output port 6670. The switch-unit controller 6630 sends WRITE-address and READ-address information to the memory controller 6641 which causes timely transfer of data blocks from the input ports 6620 to the shared memory device 6640 through temporal multiplexer 6635 and timely transfer of data blocks from the shared memory device 6640 through temporal demultiplexer 6645 to respective output ports 6670. The switch-unit controller 6630 may send relevant control data to the port controllers 6625 through the demultiplexer component of temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer 6628.

FIG. 67 illustrates an implementation of switching mechanism 6350. Switching mechanism 6750 comprises an array of seven transit-memory devices 6740 and an input rotating connector 6735 and an output rotating connector. The input rotating connector cyclically connects each input port 6720 of a set of seven input ports to each transit memory device 6740 during a rotation cycle of seven time slots. An output rotating connector 6745 cyclically connects each transit-memory device 6740 to each output port 6770 of a set of seven output ports 6770. Notably, a rotating connector is a rotator. However, the term “rotating connector” is used in describing switching mechanism 6750 in order to clearly indicate that the function of the rotating connector 6735 or 6745 is independent of the function of a dual rotator 5750.

The input ports 6720 of the input rotating connector 6735 constitute the input ports of the switching mechanism 6750 and the output ports 6770 of the output rotating connector constitute the output ports of the switching mechanism 6750. The input rotating connector 6735 and the output rotating connector 6745 rotate in opposite directions; one of the two rotating connectors is configured as an ascending rotator and the other is configured as a descending rotator. A rotating-access switch structure for switching individual data segments is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,492. The switching mechanism 6750 is configured to switch data blocks, each data block comprising seven data segments, to respective output ports 6770 as illustrated in FIG. 64. A data block directed to a particular output port 6770 may contain data segments directed to any switch unit 5420 connected to a dual rotator 5750 to which the particular output port connects. For example, a switch unit 5420(4) using a switching mechanism 6750 has six output ports 6770 connecting to channels leading to dual rotators 5750(1), 5750(4), and 5750(11) as determined from FIG. 57 and illustrated in FIG. 67. The individual rotators of dual rotators 5750 transfer individual data segments to input ports 6720 of respective switch units 5420 where they are aggregated into data blocks as illustrated in FIG. 64. The data blocks collected at output ports 6770 are disassembled into constituent data segments as illustrated in FIG. 65.

The illustrated switching mechanism 6750 has seven input ports 6720, seven transit memory devices 6740, and seven output ports 6770. The switch unit connects to external data sources and external data sinks through one dual channel and connects to each dual rotator of respective three dual rotators 5750 through two dual channels. In general, the switching mechanism may have an arbitrary number, L, exceeding 2×Λ, of input ports. Preferably, the number of transit memory devices 6740 equals the number on input ports 6720 and the number of output ports 6770 equals the number of input ports 6720. The number L exceeds seven if the switching mechanism connects to external data sources and external data sinks through more than one dual channel and/or if the switching mechanism connects to more than three dual rotators 6750. The Dual rotators 5750 may be arranged in more than three groups of dual rotators with the switching mechanism connecting to a dual rotator in each group of dual rotators.

If input rotating connector 6735 is an ascending rotator, an input port 6720 of index j connects a transit memory device of index p during a time slot of index (p−j)_(modulo L) of a rotation cycle of L time slots, 0≦j<L, 0≦p<L. If the input rotating connector 6735 is a descending rotator, an input port 6720 of index j connects to a transit memory device of index p during a time slot of index (j−p)_(modulo L) of the rotation cycle.

If output rotating connector 6745 is a descending rotator, a transit memory device 6740 of index p connects an output port 6770 of index k, during a time slot of index (p−k)_(modulo L) of a rotation cycle of L time slots, 0≦p<L, 0≦k<L. If output rotating connector 6745 is an ascending rotator, a transit memory device 6740 of index p connects an output port 6770 of index k, during a time slot of index (k−p)_(modulo L) of the rotation cycle.

If input rotating connector 6735 is an ascending rotator and output rotating connector 6745 is a descending rotator, a transit memory device 6740 of index p connects to an input port of index j and an output port 6770 of index k=j, during a same time slot of index (p−j)_(modulo L) of the rotation cycle.

If input rotating connector 6735 is a descending rotator and output rotating connector 6745 is an ascending rotator, a transit memory device 6740 of index p connects to an input port of index j and an output port 6770 of index k=j, during a same time slot of index (j−p)_(modulo L) of the rotation cycle.

Each transit memory device 6740 is organized into a number of memory segments where each memory segment is sufficient to hold a data segment. The number of memory segments may significantly exceed the number L. To avoid contention in accessing the transit memory devices, a controller of the switching mechanism (i.e., a controller of a switch unit 5420 containing the switching mechanism) allocates a free memory segment in each of the L transit memory devices to hold a data block formed at an input port 6720. A data block contains at most L data segments all directed to a same output port 6770.

FIG. 68 illustrates data blocks held in transit memory devices 6740 of the switching mechanism 6750 of FIG. 67. Data blocks, each containing at most L data segments, formed at an input port 6720 of index j, 0≦j<L, are labelled {Aj, Bj, Cj, Dj, . . . }. Thus, data blocks formed at input port 6720(0) are labelled {A0, B0, C0, D0, . . . }, data blocks formed at input port 6720(1) are labelled {A1, B1, C1, D1, . . . }, etc. FIG. 68 illustrates placement of data blocks formed as input ports 6720(0) to 6720(6) in the seven transit memory devices 6740(0) to 6740(6). To simplify control, an input port 6720(j), 0≦j<L, starts to transfer the data segments of a data block when the input port 6720(j) accesses a reference transit memory device, such as transit memory device 6720(0).

Input port 6720(0) accesses transit memory 6720(0) during time slot 0 of a rotation cycle. Thus, the (at most) L data segments of a data block A0 are transferred to transit memories 6740(0) to 6740(6) during time slots 0 to 6, respectively, of a first rotation cycle (cycle 0). A subsequent data block B0 formed at input port 6720(0) is transferred to transit memory devices 6740(0) to 6740(6) during time slots 0 to 6, respectively, of a second rotation cycle (cycle 1). Subsequent data blocks C0 and D0 formed at input port 6720(0) are transferred to the transit memory devices during a third rotation cycle (cycle 2) and a fourth rotation cycle (cycle 3), and so on.

Input port 6720(6) accesses transit memory 6720(0) during time slot 1 of a rotation cycle. Thus, the (at most) L data segments of a data block A6 are transferred to transit memories 6740(0) to 6740(6) during time slots {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0}, respectively, spanning cycle 0 and cycle 1. A subsequent data block B6 formed at input port 6720(6) is transferred to transit memories 6740(0) to 6740(6) during time slots {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0}, respectively, spanning cycle 1 and cycle 2. Subsequent data block C6 formed at input port 6720(6) is transferred to the transit memories during time slots {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0}, respectively, spanning cycle 2 and cycle 3, and so on. The same discipline of data-block transfer applies to data blocks formed at input ports 6720(1) to 6720(5) as illustrated in FIG. 68.

Although free memory segments of arbitrary memory addresses may be used to hold a data block, it is preferable that the data segments of a data block occupy memory segments of identical addresses of the transit memory devices 6740(0) to 6740(L−1); L=7 in the exemplary case of FIG. 68.

FIG. 69 illustrates exemplary placement of data blocks in memory segments of transit memory devices 6740(0) to 6740(6). A data block A0 occupies memory segments of index 5 in each transit memory device 6740, a data block B0 occupies memory segments of index 1 in each transit memory device 6740, and so on. Thus, data blocks A0, B0, and C0 formed at input port 6720(0) occupy memory segments 5, 1, and 10, respectively, of each transit memory device. Data blocks A1 and B1 formed at input port 6720(1) occupy memory segments 12, and 0, respectively, of each transit memory device. One data block A2 formed at Input port 6720(2) is held in the transit memory devices occupying memory segments of index 11.

The discipline of transferring a data block starting with a reference transit memory device (6740(0) in the example of FIG. 68 and FIG. 69) and using memory segments of identical addresses in each transit memory device for a same data block significantly simplifies control of the switching mechanism. A controller of the switching mechanism need only track vacant memory segments of the reference transit memory address, provide an index of the vacant memory segment (or a corresponding actual memory address) to a controller of the reference transit memory device which propagates the index or address to controllers of the remaining transit memory devices as illustrated in FIG. 70.

Memory controller 7041(0) of transit memory device 6740(0) receives an identifier of a vacant memory segment from a switch unit controller and propagates the identifier to transit memory controllers 7041(1) to 7041(6) of transit memory devices 7040(1) to 7040(6), respectively, through a delay line spanning six delay units 7042. The delay Δt experienced in each delay unit equals the duration of each data segment.

FIG. 71 illustrates a switch unit 7100 which is a preferred implementation of a switch unit 5420. The switching mechanism of the switch unit comprises a switching mechanism 6750 with each input port 6720 integrated with a respective output port 6770 to form a dual port of the switch unit 5420. A port controller 7125 may then serve as a controller of an input port 6720 and a respective output port 6770. An input port 6720 may receive payload data and control data. The payload data (the bulk of the data) is directed to input ports 7120 while the control data is directed to switch-unit controller 7130 through the multiplexer component of temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer 7128. The switch-unit controller determines the WRITE address of a data block formed at an input port 6720 in a manner similar to data-block formation illustrated in FIG. 64. The switch-unit controller 7130 also determines the READ address of transit memory devices 6740 of a data block to be delivered to an output port 6770. The switch-unit controller 7130 may send relevant control data to the ports controllers 7125 through the demultiplexer component of temporal multiplexer/demultiplexer 7128. The switch-unit controller 7130 sends WRITE-address information to memory controller 7041(0) which is propagated to memory controllers 7041(1), 7041(2), . . . , 7041(6) to cause timely transfer of data segments of each data block formed at the input ports 6720 to the transit memory devices 6740 through input rotating connector 6735. The switch-unit controller 7130 also sends READ-address information to memory controller 7041(0) which is propagated to memory controllers 7041(1), 7041(2), . . . , 7041(6) to cause timely transfer of data segments of data blocks from the transit memory devices 6740 through output rotating connector 6745 to respective output ports 6770.

One input port 6720 receives data from external data sources through a channel 7110. Two input ports 6720 receive data from other switch units 7100 through two channels 7111 connecting to a dual rotator of a first rotator group. Two input ports 6720 receive data from other switch units 7100 through two channels 7112 connecting to a dual rotator of a second rotator group. Two input ports 6720 receive data from other switch units 7100 through two channels 7113 connecting to a dual rotator of a third rotator group.

One output port 6770 transmits data to external data sinks through a channel 7180. Two output ports 6770 transmit data to other switch units 7100 through two channels 7181 connecting to a dual rotator of the first rotator group. Two output ports 6770 transmit data to other switch units 7100 through two channels 7182 connecting to a dual rotator of the second rotator group. Two output ports 6770 transmit data to other switch units 7100 through two channels 7183 connecting to a dual rotator of the third rotator group.

The invention has been described with reference to particular example embodiments. The described embodiments are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Further modifications may be made within the purview of the appended claims, without departing from the scope of the invention in its broader aspect. 

1. A switching system comprising: a plurality of dual rotators, each dual rotator coupled to a respective set of m switch units of a plurality of switch units, m>1 so that: a set of switch units coupled to any dual rotator is orthogonal to a set of switch units coupled to any other dual rotator; and each switch unit of said plurality of switch units is coupled to a same number Λ of rotators, Λ>1.
 2. The switching system of claim 1 wherein each said dual rotator comprises an ascending rotator having m dual ports and a descending rotator having m dual ports.
 3. The switching system of claim 1 wherein at least two switch units of said plurality of switch units are coupled to respective data sources and respective data sinks.
 4. The switching system of claim 1 wherein Λ=3 and a switch unit of index S, 0≦S<m², connects to Λ dual rotator of indices: └S/m┘, (m+S_(modulo m)), and (2×m+(S−└S/m┘)_(modulo m)), the switch units being indexed sequentially between 0 and (m²−1), and the dual rotators being indexed sequentially between 0 and ((m×Λ)−1).
 5. The switching system of claim 1 wherein Λ=3 and a dual rotator of index R connects to m switch units of indices: (m×R+j),0≦j<m, for 0≦R<m, (m×j+R _(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for m≦R<(2×m), and (m×j+(j+R)_(modulo m)),0≦j<m, for 2×m≦R<3×m.
 6. The switching system of claim 1 wherein at least one switch unit of said plurality of switch units is a shared-memory switch having L input ports, a memory device, and L output ports where L≧(2×Λ+1), said shared-memory switch cyclically transferring data blocks from said L input ports to the memory device and cyclically transferring data blocks from the memory device to said L output ports.
 7. The switching system of claim 1 wherein at least one switch unit of said plurality of switch units employs a rotating-access switching mechanism comprising: L input ports, L≧2×Λ+1; L transit memory devices; and L input ports; said rotating-access switching mechanism configured to: cyclically transfer data blocks from said L input ports to said L transit memory devices; and cyclically transfer data blocks from said L transit memory devices to said L output ports, where each data block comprises L data segments sequentially transferred to said L transit memory devices.
 8. The switching system of claim 1 wherein said each switch unit stores identifiers of a set of routes to each other switch unit of said plurality of switch units.
 9. The switching system of claim 1 wherein said each switch unit has a number L of input ports and L output ports, L≧(2×Λ+1), and each input port is configured to: receive data segments; sort data segments into L input queues, each input queue corresponding to a respective output port; and form data blocks for switching to respective output ports, each data block comprising L data segments.
 10. The switching system of claim 9 wherein each output port of said each switch unit disassembles data blocks into constituent data segments and sorts said data segments into m output queues, each output queue, each output queue holding data destined to one of m switch units.
 11. The switching system of claim 6 wherein said each switch unit comprises a switch-unit controller configured to: receive a request to transfer a current data block from an input port to an output port; determine a WRITE address of said shared memory device for storing said data block; and determine a READ address of said shared memory device for reading a waiting data block directed to a specific output port.
 12. The switching system of claim 7 wherein said each switch unit comprises a switch-unit controller configured to: receive a request to transfer a current data block from an input port to an output port; determine a common WRITE address of said L transit memory devices for storing said data block; and determine a common READ address of said L transit memory devices for retrieving a waiting data block directed to a specific output port.
 13. The switching system of claim 12 further comprising L port controllers, each port controller coupled to a respective input port and a respective output port, said L port controllers coupled to said switch-unit controller through a temporal multiplexer and a temporal demultiplexer.
 14. A switching system comprising: a plurality of dual rotators; a plurality of switch units arranged in a matrix of m columns and m rows, m>1, wherein: switch units of each column are coupled to a respective dual rotator of said plurality of dual rotators; switch units of each row are coupled to a respective dual rotator of said plurality of dual rotators; and switch units of each diagonal are coupled to a respective dual rotator of said plurality of dual rotators.
 15. A method of switching comprising: connecting each switch unit of a plurality of switch units to a predefined number of dual rotators of a plurality of dual rotators so that: each dual rotator connects to a respective set of switch units; and a set of switch units connecting to any dual rotator is orthogonal to a set of switch units connecting to any other rotator of said plurality of dual rotators; and configuring a switch-unit controller of said each switch unit to: maintain a set of routes to each other switch unit; receive a request to transfer data from a data source connecting to said each switch unit to a data sink connecting to another switch unit; and select a route of said set of routes.
 16. The method of switching of claim 15 wherein each route of said set of routes traverses at most two single rotators.
 17. The method of switching of claim 15 further comprising: determining, at an external computer, a routing table identifying a set of routes for each directed switch-unit pair; and installing relevant portions of said routing table in said switch-unit controller. 